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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Insight
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major goal of psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, develop realistic view of behavior the more likley behavior is to change
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Countertransference
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therapists emotional reactions to patient
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Hypnosis
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way of recovering repressed memories and helping a patient deal with, trancelike state, person will be receptive to suggestions, altered state of conscious in which you can pay extra attention to inner experiences
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Humanistic Tharapies
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emphasize ppls desire to achieve self respect
Clinet Centered Therapy |
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Existential Therapies
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questions of existence, meaning of life
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Client Centered Therapies
nonjudgmental acceptance and empathy shown by therapist |
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Gestalt Therapy
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patients perceptions of themselves and the world, people organize thair perceptions as a Gestalt (whole)
Fritz Perls- stress moment to moment situations, frusterate client, to make him or her angry, fight out conflicts with therapist and develop enhanced feelings of worth. |
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Cognitive Therapy
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talk
Aaron Beck challenging negative thoughts, detatch onesself from cognitive errors and false beliefs |
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Rational Emotive Therapy
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people question mistaken beliefes and exchange them for more constructive ones...roleplaying demonstartes consequences of thoughts
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Interpersonal Therapy
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originally for people with depression, interpersonal relationships that play a role in ppls thoughts or moods, role transitions, interpersonal deficits
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Meta Analysis
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measure the effectiveness of therapy techniques
1)treatment conditions compared with untreated control 2)statistic determination of theraputic effects 3)size of effects arcoss therapies better off recieving therapy then the 75% of ppl who received no treatment draw factos about ethnicity (ethnicity of therapist does not make difference concerning compatibility) |
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Effect Size
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average level of treatment benefits, patients percentile rank for outcome if scores placed in a frequency distribution
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Technique Factors
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procedures employed by therapist which may or may not match the procedures found in books and manuels
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Interpersonal Factors
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social chemistry, dynamics of relationship bw therapist and patient
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Process Research
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elements of psycho therapy, what usually happens in therapy
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Behavior Therapy
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operant and classical conditioning to change beehavior-use of these techniques is behavior Modification (application of operant learning principles to bring about a specific change in behavior- combination of behavior and cognitive approaches are most effective for cognitive change
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Fading
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Operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement to shape and achieve a desired response, fading-gradual elimination of special cues when they are no longer needed
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Token Economy
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application of operant principles, tokens that can be exchanged for desirable items or activities , used in conjunction with extinction procedures and punisment
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Biofeedback
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individual reinforced whenever a chaneg in body function takes place, beter able to control internal functions
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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intergration of cognitive and behavioral therapies, see below definitios for components of it
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Relaxation Training
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for people who are anxious, , tensing and relaxing muscle groups, encouraged to perform outside of therapy
involves meditation-concentrate on a thought, sensation, word, object |
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Exsposure Therapy
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continued exposure to anxiety-provoking stimulis decreases energy to managable levels, gradual approach to anxiety-provoking situation, exposure to fear arouisng situations can only be successful if person is willing to expose themselves to stimulis
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In vivo exposure
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actually being in the situation
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Fantasized Exposure
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thinking about being in the situation
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Flooding
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form of exposure therapy, patient exposed to a flood of fear arousing stimuli , saturated iwth frightening thoughts and experiences in hope of emotional response being EXTINGUISHED
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Implosive Therapy
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hierarchy of experiences involving in anxiety (like explained in class)
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Systematic Desentisazation
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muscualr relaxtion with cognitive activity
hierarch of fears-exposure like in class relaxation response competes with previous anxieties |
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Modeling
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shown other ways of doing things, can occur informally as well.
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Guided Rehearsals
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individual encouraged to imitate behavior of model, with the model helping , responses strengethed by positive reinforcers
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Live Modeling
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Direct Observation of model
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Participant Modeling
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client practices the behavior, interaction with model (like guided rehearsals)
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Symbolic Modeling
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observation of model presented indirectly through film, audiotape, movie
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Covert Modeling
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imaging observing a model and particular consequence
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Asseriveness Training
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used when appropiate behaviors are available but may not be available bc of anxiety, used to enhance interpersonal skills needed to stand up for ones rights, modeling and behavioral rehearsal along with positive feedback
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Effectiveness of Behavior./Cognitive Techniques
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due to sense of seld-efficacy, how effective they belive they will be in carrying out tasks
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Multi-model therapy
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broad array of tools used in treating individuals
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Family Systems
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family is a self maintaing system which must perserve its identity by restoring homeostatis after a dusturbance
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Maritial Therapy
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cognitive-behavioral or psychodynamic approach
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Psychodrama
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spontaneous role playing expressing strong feelings, group of individuals assemble under director
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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reemerged as treatment of choice for severe depression, little indication of permenant memory loss, electrical-biochemical events that follow siezures
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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schizophrenia
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Antimanic Drugs
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bipolar disorder
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Antidepressent DRugs
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long lasting mood disorders, unipolar,
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Antianxiety DRugs
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prolonged state of anxiety
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Clinical Trials
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average effectiveness of 70% for treating maladaptive behavior
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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uncontrollable and grotesque grimaces and body movements, side effect of drugs
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Gordon Paul
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10 steps that mental hospitals might take to improve conditions for patients
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Partial Hospilization
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day or night hospitilization
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Deinstitutionalization
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mental patients in hospital less frequently then they used to be. canhelp with personal development, back to community bc of drugs and affort to return
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Clinet Centered Therapy
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Rogers, offer unconditional positive regard
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Etiology
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Cause of origins of a condition
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William Cullen
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attempts to classify mental disorders based on biologists system for classifying plants and animals
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Wiliam Maudsley
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clasify disorders on basis of identifiable symptoms
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Two Major sources of unreliability in diagnosis
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clinical judgement can elead to different diagnoses, labels are attached to people and no two ppl are alike
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Idocy
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offocial classifcations of mental illness first arose around 1840, single label used to categorize metal illnesses, by 1880 census-eight categrories for mental disorders
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Emil Kraepelin
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dementia praecox (mental deterioration early in life-schizophrenia) manic depressive insanity (bipolar disorder) both of these diseases are caused by brain pathology
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DSM-IV-TR
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pubilshed 2000, provide context in which abnormal behavior has occured, provides info about biological, pshycological and social aspects of persons condition
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AXIS 1
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reports most of the disorders, except personality and mental disorders
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AXIS II
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personality disorders and mental illnesses , maladaptive personality features and defense mechanisms
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Axis 3
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medical conditions
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Axis 4
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psychosocial and environmental problems
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Axis 5
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Global Assesment of Functioning, global assesmment of psychological, social and occupational functioning, rating on sacele from 1 to 100, lower ratings indicate more danger individual poses to himself, hgh ratings-superior functioning
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Case Conferences
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clinical workers have an opportunity to compare their views with regards to diagnosis and treatment
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World Helath Organization International Classification of Diseases
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maladaptove behaviors and other types of disorders used throughout the world, set of research diagnostic criteria not identical to DSM
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Reliability
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whether a classification decision is reproducible, either by the same clinician at a different time or the same clinicians, same diagnosis over time
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Kappa Statistic
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reliability index correcting the amount of observed agreement for the amount of chance agreement, based on overall frequency clinicians use particular classifications
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Validity
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whether or not the classification puts together people who symptoms arise form the same causes and respond to similar treatments
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Cultural DIfferences
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belief and value systems, as well as behavioral styles
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Ethnic Differences
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descent, physical characteristics and heritage
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Ethnic Identity
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influences a persons self concept and sesne of belonging iwth another ethic group, person's willingness to seek help and respond to mental health services
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Diagnostic (Assessment) Interview
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gather information to assess behavior, verbal and non verbal behavior
history of client, feeligs, who the client is, present psyiological state, vunerability, resilence of client |
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Therapeutic Interview
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occurs after preliminary assessment has been made=modify maladaptove behavior and attitudes
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Mental Status Examination
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evaluate current mental status to increase diagnostic accuracy
takes place inan interview setting, no structural format, assess patients attention and concentration, perfrom certain tasks that reflect psychological functions |
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Structured Interviews
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standard series of questions to determine whether specific symptoms are present, increase reliability of classifcations
used in : large institutions, research , gather info in a uniform matter to minimalize effect of particulr person who gathered the data |
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Diagnostic Interview Schedule
DISC- for children |
potential of structured interview, procdes, probes, procedures appropiate for use with particular set of symptomsmakes possible uniform diagnostic methods, comparibilty across studies
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Intelligence TEsts
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quantitative measures of cognitive, personality and behavioral characteristics
general intelligence (capacity to solve problems) specific abilities (spatial perception) theoretical and practical |
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Alfred Binet Tests
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use of Intelligence Quotient Stanford Binet now in use, scores based on how individuals scores deviate from the norms, can be applied to adults as well as children
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Wechsler Tests
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subtests on various abilities
WAIS-III 14 subtests, 3 IQs- Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, FUll Scale IQ WISC -ages 6-16 WPPSCI- ages 2-7 |
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Neuropsychological Tests
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theories concerning brain functioning, consequences of brain abnormalities
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Bender Visual_Motor Gestalt Test
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accuracy of copied figures, multiple tests must be used to assess brain finctioning
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Personality Inventories
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ask patients questions about themselves to determine accurate self descriptions, scores represent distinct aspect of personality
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventor
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most widely used osychological tests, 10 scales related to different groups of clinical disorders, control scales
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Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
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used to screen individuals with serious psychiological difficulties, asses all major personality disorders
Revised NEO Personality Inventory-five factor model of personality |
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Rating Scales
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options represent degrees of a particular characteristic
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Visual Analogue Scale
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measures pain anxiety, cravings for substances, use din clinical and research settings, measure of sensations, psychodynamic approach
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Halo Effect
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individual rates a person more favorably then realistic bc person has a high favorable reaction to person
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Projective Techniques
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ambigious stimulis shown and person is asked what they think about it, sesnitiv eto unconscious dimensions of personality, Rorshach Inkblot Test- measure personality traits
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thematic Apperception Test
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ambigious stimulis in which people can respond in a free manner, client asked to make up a story describing diff pics, Henry A. Murray
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Word Association test
Sentence Completion Test |
logical extension of word associations
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Baseline Observations
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used to record response frequencies in particular situations before a behavioral treatment intervention as started (behavioral assessment through observation)
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Galvanic Skin Response
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increase in electrial conductivity of skin that occurs when sweat glands increase in their activity
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Primary Prevention
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general reduction of new cases of disorders, administered to everyone in a particular population, scientific info about cause and effect
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Secondary Prevention
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limited to a subgroup of population that is at higher then average risk for determing mental disorder, reduce potential disability
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Tertiary Prevention
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people already have been diagnosed iwth having disorder, reducing impairment through rehabilitation and resocialization, counseling or group therapy
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Juvenile Delinquency
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lawbreaking by minors 4-5% (1,300,000) of young ppl are referred to the courts
primary prevention-most effective personal relationships |
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Situation-focused Prevention
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aimed at reducing or elimination environmental causes of behavior
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Competency-focused Prevention
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enhancing peoples ability to cope with conditions that may lead to maladaptive behavior
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Divorce
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nearly 50% of kids for 6 years in single family home
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Child Abuse
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more prone to abnormal behavior, varies in degree and hidden from view, abusive parents more likely to have been abused as chlids...viscious cycle
programs most effective- home visits in which the parent can receive training, monitering of the situation in home |
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Spouse Abuse
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more then 8% of homicides involve killing of one spouse by another, men are abuser more then woman , 80% of male abusers were observed fathers abusing mother
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Community Psychologists
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social systems in preventing distress and maladapative behavior, settings thta have an impact on PREVENTION
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Paraprofessionals
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basic mental health training of ppl from areas where they councel in, similar background to their client, knwledge of enighborhood to recruit and educational activities
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Custodial Housing
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boarding houses, nursing homes, publically financed with few rehabilitive programs
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Alternative Housing
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small and focused on rehabilitation and integration into the community, prevent hospitilization and improve quality of life.
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Dormitory-Inn/Halfway House
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time-limited residences that provide resocialization and transitions into the community
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Partial Hospitilization
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night or day
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Commitment
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process of placing a person in an institution
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Criminal Commitment
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to a mental hospital when criminal act is declared to be an act of insanity
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Civil Commitment
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patients involuntarily hospitilized if they are seen to pose danger
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Competency
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persons stae of mind at tim eof judicial hearing
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Incompetent Person
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one who lacks the capacity to consult with a lawyer and understand legal proceedings
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M'Naghten Rule
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"right and wrong" test of insanity
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Irresistible Impulse
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the person coul dnot control his or her behavior
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Durham Rule
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person is not criminally responsible if the criminal act was the product of a mental disease
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American Law Institue- ALI Guideline 1962
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not resposnible guidelines
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Jones vs United States
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ppl found not guilty by reason of insanity can be held indefinitely in a mental hospital less rigorous standard of dangerou sthe civilly commited
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Insanity Defense Reform ACt 1984
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assigned defense with proving insanity
not many successful cases in ny less then 50 |
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states that have abolished the death penalty
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idaho, utah, montana
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Parens Patriae
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all 50 states have civil commitment laws, the state can act in what it takes to be the best interest of person incapacitated "parenthood of the state"
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Addington vs Texas
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ppl may not be committed to menal institutions unless the state ha smade it clear that they need mental hospitilization, mental helath specialists are only 40-60% accurate at predicting dangerous behaviorbest indicator of future dangerous is dangerous from the the past only 4% dangerous to others in hospital
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Outpatient Commitment
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patients ordered to take medication and to keep appointments at mental health centers
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Wyatt v Stickney
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state must proveide adequate treatment for menatl patients who are confined involuntarily
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Oconner v Donaldson
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hospitalized patients who are nbot dangerous have right to treatment
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Rennie v Kelin
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do not have to take medication
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Informed Consent
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requires that patients receive adequate information about the nature of a treatment befor ethey are to begin it.
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Duty to Warn
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Jaffe v Redmond therapists have duty to warn potential victims of their patients dangerousness and take other resposnible steps
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postvention
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Postvention is an after-the-fact effort to help those affected by a suicide or psychological disorder.
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Richard Speck
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extra y chromosone
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Neccessary causes
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contributing factors single gene
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Neccessary and sufficent
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multiple genes and environment
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for attitude changes to occur
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need to be given by credible source contrary to point of view, have a good relationship with terapist- aceptance, understanding and communication
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planned change
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psychotherapy
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Personality Theory
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how therapist attempts to understand their patients in term of why people do what they do, all contain fully functioning person, all influenced by time data, person source of data
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Implicit
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cannot articulat e why you do what you do. intuition, gut feeling, now well organized, what clinical jugement is based on
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Helmhaltz
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nature of energy is explained as a dynamic system, number of different parts that perform jobs by requiring energy , believes himans are a corpial system, no soul
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darwin
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animal systems (psychosexual stages of development)
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Bentham
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human behavior motivated by pleasure seeking principles
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DRive state
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when needs are not met, motivate organism to act
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ID
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run by wish fulfillment, primary process thinking
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ego
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works for id, secondary process thinking
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2 parts of superego
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conscious ego ideal
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ego too much energy
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thinking planning, no action
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id too much energy
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childlike
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superego too much energy
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guilt ridden concerned about right and wrong
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Phail Stage
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oedipus-castration anxiety
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Latency stage
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castration is repressed until puberyt
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Genital
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resolved Oedipis complex through relationship with the opposite sex
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when energy not relases
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symptoms character formation-anal retentive, anal expulsive
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Interpetation
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what therapists do once resistence begins, ask what the person is doing and why, INFO AGAINST POINT PF VIEW FROM CREDIBLE SOURCE_valuble
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Psychoanalytic Oriented Psychotherapy
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not as drastic as psycho analysis. just reshaping of personality compared to complete character reformation
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Carl Rogers structure
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concept of self
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Energy comes from
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need fo self actualization
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Conditions of Worth
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prevent growth, conditions of love, as they go down self actualizing tendencies go up
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Avoidance Responses
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self reinforcing, anxiety reduces
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Recripicol Inhibition
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Wolpe, certain emotional states inhibit other emotional states
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Jacobson
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progressive relaxation
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Aversive Conditioning
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relaxation and hierarch of visual anxieties
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Systematic Desesnitization
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process by which i work relaxation up hierarchy until i reach #1 invivo or scenes to get person to do something that formally made them anxious
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Stimulus Response Connections
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habits with short term pleasure and long term negative consequences, want to break connection 1)alcohol consumption 2)sex
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antibuse
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drug given before alcohol makes you violently ill
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Aversive Conditioning
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makes use of learning theory
Also referred to as aversion therapy, a technique used in behavior therapy to reduce the appeal of behaviors one wants to eliminate by associating them with physical or psychological discomfort. FORm of punishment, punishment never eliminates behavior |
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Punishment
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adresses activities, not needs and drives
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Minor Premises
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source of catastrophe for person, made conclusions with, we case avoidance responses in ourselves due to minor premise
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