Abnormal Psychology Exam 1

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Deviant

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Strange, bizarre, odd

Statistically uncommon

i.e. anxiety, depression, addiction

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Distress

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mental suffering, emotional discomfort

a. internalizing symptoms (ego-dystonic)

b. distressing to others (externalizing symptoms, "ego-syntonic)

even functioning that is considered unusual does not necessarily quality as normal.

*Behavior, ideas or emotions usually have to cause distress before being labeled

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Dysfunctional

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interferes with daily functioning (home, school, work, relationships)

Medical student syndrome

society holds that it is important to carry out daily activities in an effective manner

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Dangerous

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To oneself or others

careless, impulsive, hostile, reckless

exception: anxiety, depression, bizarre thinking pose no immediate threat

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trephination

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ancient spiritual view of making holes in skull using a stone instrument to release spirits (demonic possession)

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Ancient views of treatment

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trephination, exorcism, whipping, starvation, summoning a shaman

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Greek & Roman views

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Hippocrates & the 4 humors— bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning (blood, phlegm, yellow, black bile)

diet, exorcism, quiet life, celibacy

e.g. hysteria caused by traveling uterus? > lure it back

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Middle Ages

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Distrust in science -> demonic views. Good vs. evil. Satanic influence (More belief in demonology than medical)

powerful religious leaders.

mass madness: large # of people shared false beliefs and imagined sights and sounds

treatments: torture, bloodletting, exorcisms for lycanthropy and (tarantism)

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Renaissance

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Continued improvement

asylums: institution to provide care for persons w/ mental disorders. -> place to STORE (not treat) the mentally ill "virtual prisons"

e.g. Bedlam, Salem Witch Trials

Johann Weyer, 1st physician to special in mental illness and believe mind was susceptible to illness like body (psychopathology)

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abnormal psychology

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scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning

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norms

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society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct

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culture

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people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology and arts

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Treatment/Therapy

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procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior

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moral treatment (19th century)

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emphasized moral guidance and human & respectful treatment

i.e. Ben Rush, Dorothea Dix

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3 essential features of therapy [according to Jerome Frank]

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sufferer: who seeks relief from the healer

healer: trained, socially accepted. Expertise is accepted by sufferer and his or her social group

series of contacts: b/w healer and sufferer through which healer tries to produce certain changes in sufferer's emotional state, attitudes and behavior

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state hospitals (19th cen.)

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state-run public health institutions in the US

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Somatogenic perspective (20th cen.)

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view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

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Psychogenic perspective (20th cen.)

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view that chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

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Somatogenic treatments

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biological approaches: tooth extraction, tonsillectomy, hydrotherapy, lobotomy, eugenic sterilization

quick and easy solution

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psychogenic treatments

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hypnotism (put ppl in trancelike state)

mesmerism

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psychoanalysis

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either the theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychotherapy

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psychotropic medication (current cen.)

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drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many sumptoms of mental dysfunctioning

e.g. antipsychotic, antidepressant, antianxiety

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deinstitutionalization

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begun in 1960s

practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patents from public mental hospitals

outpatient care -> primary mode of treatment

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institutionalization

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short-term hospitalization

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private psychotherapy

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arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services

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prevention

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intervention aimed at deterring mental disorders before they develop

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positive psychology

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study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits and abilities

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multicultural psychology

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examines impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts, including abnormal behaviors and thoughts

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managed care program

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system of health care coverage in which insurance company laregly controls nature, scope and cost of medical or psychological services

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scientific method

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process of systematically gathering and evaluating ino through careful observations to gain an understanding of a phenomenon

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case study

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detailed account of a person's life and psychological problem

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psychosurgery

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e.g. "ice pick lobotomies" 1946-1950 by Walter Freeman

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stigmatization

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why does it still exist? ignorance, fear, intolerance

harmful effects: relcutance to seek help, lack of understanding by family and friends, bad health insurance coverage, belief you can't improve situation

solution: avoid negative terms like retarded, crazy, psycho

don't define someone, don't make jokes, talk to someone with M.I., don't make assumptions and educate yourself, increase empathy

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Good vs. Bad Study

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*Reputable source?

*Who funds it? Secondary motiveo r gain?

*Replication of findings?

*In-line with previous knowledge and research?

*peer-review?

*actual methods/analyses used

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models/paradigms

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perspectives used to explain events

spells out assumptions

gives order to field under study

sets guidelines for investigation

middle ages: prayers, whipping

today: 6 big methods

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Biological Model

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full understanding of patient's thoughts, emotions and behavior

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neuron

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nerve cell. neurons in each region of brain have different functions. 85–100 billion

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synpase

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tiny space between nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of another

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neurotransmitter

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chemical that released by one neuron, crosses synaptic space to be received at receptors on dendrites of neighboring neurons

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receptor

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site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter

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hormones

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chemicals released by endocrine system/glands into bloodstream

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genes

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chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit

genes that contribute to mental disorders are typically viewed as unfortunate occurrences (mutation)

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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used primarily on depressed pateints in which a brain seizure is triggered as an alectric current passes through electrodes attached to a patient's forehead

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Psychodynamic model

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belief that peron's behavior determined by underlying forces of which he or she is not consciously aware

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id

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Freud, psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives and impulses. Tend to be sexual. libido feels id.

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ego

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force that employs reason and operates in accordance with reality principle

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superego

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force that represents a person's values and ideals

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ego defense mechanism

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strategies developed by ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce anxiety they arouse

i.e. sublimation, denial, regression, projection, etc.

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fixation

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condition in which id, ego and superego don't mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

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free association

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psychodynamic technique in which the patent describes any thought, feeling or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

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resistance

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unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

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transference

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the redirection toward thepsychotherapist of feelings associated withimportant figures in a patient’s life, now orin the past.

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dream

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A series of ideas and images thatform during sleep.

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catharsis

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the reliving of past repressedfeelings in order to settle internal conflictsand overcome problems.

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Current trends in psychodynamic theory

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increased demand for focused time-limited psychotherapies -> efforts to make it more efficient

pros: safer than medical treatments, focus directly on patients

cons: difficult to research, doesn't work for everyone

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Behavioral model

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concentrates on behaviors, responses an organism makes to its environment

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conditioning

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a simple form of learning

manipulate stimuli and rewaerds to see affected responses

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operant conditioning

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process oflearning in which behavior that leads tosatisfying consequences is likely to berepeated.

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modeling

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process of learning in whichan individual acquires responses by observingand imitating others

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classical conditioning

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process oflearning by temporal association in whichtwo events that repeatedly occur closetogether in time become fused in a person’smind and produce the same response.

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Behavioral therapies

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aims to identify behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then tries to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying principles of classical, operating conditioning and modeling

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systematic desensitization

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A behavioraltreatment in which clients with phobias learnto react calmly instead of with intense fearto the objects or situations they dread.

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Cognitive Model

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cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts and emotions and that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition

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cognitive therapy

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A therapy developedby Aaron Beck that helps people recognizeand change their faulty

thinking processes.

therapists challenge client's dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, apply new ways of thinking

i.e. ppl w/ depression improve much mroe than those w/ no treatment

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Cognitive treatments

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cognitive therapy "restructuring", cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy, acceptance and commitment treatments

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Humanistic-Existential Model

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Humanists, the more optimistic of the two groups, believe that human beings areborn with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive.

Existentialists agree that human beings must have an accurate awareness of themselvesand live meaningful—they say “authentic”—lives in order to be psychologically welladjusted.

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self-actualization

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The humanistic processby which people fulfill their potential forgoodness and growth.

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client-centered therapy

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The humanistictherapy developed by Carl Rogers in whichclinicians try to help clients by conveyingacceptance, accurate empathy, andgenuineness.

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Gestalt therapy

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The humanistic therapydeveloped by Fritz Perls in which cliniciansactively move clients toward self-recognitionand self-acceptance by using techniquessuch as role playing and self-discoveryexercises.

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existential therapy

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A therapy thatencourages clients to accept responsibilityfor their lives and to live with greater meaningand value.

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Socio-Cultural Model

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abnormal behavior is best understood in light of broad forces that influence an individual

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Family-Social perspective

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argue that clinical theorists should concentrateon those broad forces that operate directly on an individual as he or she movesthrough life—that is, family relationships, social interactions, and community events.

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family systems theory

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views family asa system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

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group therapy

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therapy format inwhich a group of people with similar problemsmeet together with a therapist to workon those problems.

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self-help group

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A group made up ofpeople with similar problems who help andsupport one another without the direct leadershipof a clinician. Also called a mutualhelp group.

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family therapy

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therapy format inwhich the therapist meets with all membersof a family and helps them to change intherapeutic ways

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couple therapy

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therapy format inwhich the therapist works with two peoplewho share a long-term relationship. Alsocalled marital therapy.

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community mental health treatment

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A treatment approach that emphasizes communitycare.

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multicultural perspective

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The view thateach culture within a larger society has aparticular set of values and beliefs, as wellas special external pressures, that helpaccount for the behavior of its members.Also called culturally diverse perspective.

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culture-sensitive therapies

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Approachesthat seek to address the unique issues facedby members of minority groups

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assessment

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the process of collecting andinterpreting relevant information about a clientor research participant.

collecting relevant info in an effort to reach a conclusion

1. how and why a person is behaving in a certain way?

2. how that person might be helped?

3. is a patent making progress in therapy?

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idiographic understanding

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main focus to gather individual info. Understanding their behavior.

An understandingof the behavior of a particularindividual.

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standardization

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The process in whicha test is administered to a large group ofpeople whose performance then serves asa standard or norm against which any individual’sscore can be measured

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reliability

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A measure of the consistencyof test or research results

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validity

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The accuracy of a test’s or study’sresults; that is, the extent to which the testor study actually measures or shows what itclaims.

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Interview

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Structured: follows pre-determined script

consistency= more reliability

e.g. SCID, MSE

unstructured: client chooses topics and elaborates on problems. What patient says (how, when, why). Create trusting relationship

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mental status exam

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A set of interviewquestions and observations designed toreveal the degree and nature of a client’sabnormal functioning.

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test

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A device for gathering informationabout a few aspects of a person’s psychologicalfunctioning from which broaderinformation about the person can beinferred.

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projective test

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test consisting ofambiguous material that people interpret orrespond to.

Rorschach, sentence-completion test, TAT, KFD, DAP

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personality inventory

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test designed tomeasure broad personality characteristics,consisting of statements about behaviors,beliefs, and feelings that people evaluateas either characteristic or uncharacteristicof them.

MMPI

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response inventories

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Tests designedto measure a person’s responses in onespecific area of functioning, such as affect,social skills, or cognitive processes.

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psychophysiological test

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test thatmeasures physical responses (such as heartrate and muscle tension) as possible indicatorsof psychological problems.

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neurological test

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test that directly measuresbrain structure or activity

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neuroimaging techniques

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Neurologicaltests that provide images of brain structureor activity, such as CT scans, PET scans,and MRIs. Also called brain scans.

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neuropsychological test

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test thatdetects brain impairment by measuring aperson’s cognitive, perceptual, and motorperformances.

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intelligence test

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test designed to measurea person’s intellectual ability.

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intelligence quotient (IQ)

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overallscore derived from intelligence tests.

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DSM-5

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The current edition of the Diagnosticand Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders.

pros: research purposes, predict course and find appropriate treatment

cons: vague, oversimplified, stigmatizing labels can dehumanize

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diagnosis

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A determination that a person’sproblems reflect a particular disorder.

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syndrome

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cluster of symptoms that usuallyoccur together.

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classification system

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A list of disorders,along with descriptions of symptomsand guidelines for making appropriatediagnoses.

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fear

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The central nervous system’s physiologicaland emotional response to a seriousthreat to one’s well-being.

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anxiety

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The central nervous system’sphysiological and emotional response to avague sense of threat or danger.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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A disordermarked by persistent and excessivefeelings of anxiety and worry about numerousevents and activities.

illogical

debilitating

provokes nervous system resposnse

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abnormal characteristics of anxiety

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irrational

debilitating

long-lasting

frequent

unpredictable

maladaptive behaviors

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normal characteristics of anxiety

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reaction to stressor

protective

time-limited

happens occasionally

predictable

return to homeostasis

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GABA

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The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyricacid, whose low activity hasbeen linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

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relaxation training

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treatment procedurethat teaches clients to relax at willso they can calm themselves in stressfulsituations.

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biofeedback

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technique in which a clientis given information about physiologicalreactions as they occur and learns to controlthe reactions voluntarily.

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electromyograph (EMG)

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device thatprovides feedback about the level of musculartension in the body.

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phobia

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persistent and unreasonablefear of a particular object, activity, orsituation.

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specific phobia

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severe and persistentfear of a specific object or situation (otherthan agoraphobia and social phobia).

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agoraphobia

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An anxiety disorder inwhich a person is afraid to be in publicplaces or situations from which escapemight be difficult (or embarrassing) or helpunavailable if panic-like symptoms were tooccur.

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classical conditioning (chapter 4)

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A process oflearning in which two events that repeatedlyoccur close together in time become tiedtogether in a person’s mind and so producethe same response.

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modeling (chapter 4)

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process of learning in whicha person observes and then imitates others.Also, a therapy approach based on thesame principle.

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stimulus generalization

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phenomenonin which responses to one stimulus are alsoproduced by similar stimuli.

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preparedness

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A predisposition todevelop certain fears.

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exposure treatments

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Behavioral treatmentsin which persons are exposed to theobjects or situations they dread.

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social anxiety disorder

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A severe andpersistent fear of social or performance situationsin which embarrassment may occur

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Causes of SAD

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They hold unrealistically high social standards and so believe that they mustperform perfectly in social situations

They view themselves as unattractive social beings.

They view themselves as socially unskilled and inadequate.

They believe they are always in danger of behaving incompetently in socialsituations.

They believe that inept behaviors in social situations will inevitably lead toterrible consequences.

They believe that they have no control over feelings of anxiety that emergeduring social situations.

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causes of anxiety

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genetics

brain chem.

personality

life experience

stress

physical illness

avoidance