Abnormal Psych- Ch 3

Front 1

_ of any psychological problem involves a series of steps designed to gather information (or data) about a person and his or her environment in order to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems

Back 1

clinical assessment

Hint 1

p78

Front 2

clinical assessment begins with a set of _ Usually, the request comes from the patient or someone closely connected to that person, such as a family member, teacher, or other health care professional.

Back 2

referral questions

Hint 2

p78

Front 3

_ help determine the goals of the assessment and the selection of appropriate psychological tests or measurements.

Back 3

referral questions

Hint 3

p78

Front 4

assessment process, the psychologist decides which procedures and instruments to administer. These include measures of _

Back 4

biological function, cognition, emotion, behavior, and personality style.

Hint 4

p78

Front 5

When evaluating a patient who is significantly depressed and anxious, for example, a behavioral psychologist focuses on measuring _

Back 5

the environmental cues that produce the low moods and the thoughts, behaviors, and consequences associated with them.

Hint 5

p78

Front 6

A psychoanalytic psychologist would direct more effort toward _

Back 6

clinically assessing the patient’s early childhood experiences and typical patterns of interpersonal functioning.

Hint 6

p78

Front 7

_ can help identify people who have problems but who may not be aware of them or may be reluctant to mention them and/or those who may need further evaluation.

Back 7

Screenings

Hint 7

p78-79

Front 8

_ identify potential psychological
problems or predicts the risk of future problems if someone is not
referred for further assessment or treatment

Back 8

Screening assessments

Hint 8

p79

Front 9

the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale ([CES-D]; Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item scale used in many community studies to _ and to estimate its prevalence. A score of 16 or higher on the CES-D indicates the possibilityof significant depression

Back 9

screen people for depression

Hint 9

p79

Front 10

screening instruments are more broad based, covering many different psychological symptoms including depression, anxiety, and social problems (e.g.,_

Back 10

the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979)

Hint 10

p79

Front 11

_ an assessment process that attempts to identify psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems among people who are not referred for clinical assessment

Back 11

screening

Hint 11

p79

Front 12

_describes the ability of the screener (or the instrument) to identify a problem that actually exists

Back 12

Sensitivity

Hint 12

p79

Front 13

_ indicates the percent of the time that the screener accurately identifies the absence of a problem

Back 13

specificity

Hint 13

p79

Front 14

_ occur when the screening instrument indicates a problem when no problem exists

Back 14

False positives

Hint 14

p79-80

Front 15

A good screening tool is __: It identifies problems that do exist and does not indicate problems when none exist.

Back 15

sensitive and specific

Hint 15

p80

Front 16

__refer to instances in which the screening tool suggests that there is no depression when the patient actually is depressed.

Back 16

False negatives

Hint 16

p80

Front 17

Good screening tools have high specificity and sensitivity, but _

Back 17

low false positive and false negative rates

Hint 17

p80

Front 18

_ refers to the identification of an illness.

Back 18

Diagnosis

Hint 18

p80

Front 19

a diagnosis is made after a _

Back 19

clinical interview with the patient

Hint 19

p80

Front 20

_ a process in which a clinician weighs how likely it is that a person has one diagnosis instead of another

Back 20

differential diagnosis

Hint 20

p80

Front 21

clinician gathers data from the patient and often other sources (partner, parents, and teachers) to __

Back 21

make the diagnosis or diagnoses that fit the patient best

Hint 21

p80

Front 22

diagnosis is often needed for insurance companies to reimburse_

Back 22

a psychologist or other health care provider.

Hint 22

p80

Front 23

_ of symptoms, which identifies the relations between situations and behaviors (e.g., what happens before, during, and after certain problem behaviors, moods, or thoughts) to aid in devising a treatment strategy.

Back 23

functional analysis

Hint 23

p80

Front 24

an observed change that is meaningful in terms of clinical functioning or the amount of change (how much a patient’s symptoms have been reduced) is generally considered in terms of __

Back 24

clinical significance

Hint 24

p82

Front 25

A measure known as the _ is now frequently used to determine whether the degree of change from beginning to end of treatment is meaningful.

Back 25

Reliable Change Index (RCI) (Jacobson & Truax, 1991)

Hint 25

p82

Front 26

potential value of an assessment instrument rests in part on its various __, which affect how confident we can be in the testing results.

Back 26

psychometric properties

Hint 26

p82

Front 27

An instrument’s psychometric properties include __

Back 27

standardization, reliability, and validity.

Hint 27

p82

Front 28

Standard ways of evaluating scores can involve normative or self-referent comparisons (or both) by

Back 28

standardization

Hint 28

p82

Front 29

_ a comparison group that is rep- resentative of the entire population against which a person’s score on a psychological test is compared

Back 29

normative

Hint 29

p82

Front 30

To decide whether a score is too far outside the range of the normal group, we use a statistic called the _

Back 30

standard deviation (SD)

Hint 30

p82

Front 31

Numbers indicate standard deviations (SDs). A score more than __ away from the mean (the center point, 0) is considered meaningfully different from normal

Back 31

2 standard deviations

Hint 31

p83

Front 32

_ are those that equate responses on various instruments with the patient’s own prior performance, and they are used most often to examine the course of symptoms over time

Back 32

Self-referent comparisons

Hint 32

p83

Front 33

_ comparisons are also used to evaluate treatment outcome. Over the course of treatment, we would hope to see self-referent comparisons that indicate improvement of symptoms and quality of life.

Back 33

Self-referent

Hint 33

p83

Front 34

_comparison comparison of responses on a psychological instrument with a person’s own prior performance

Back 34

self-referent

Hint 34

p83

Front 35

_ the extent to which a psychological assessment instrument produces consistent results each time it is given

Back 35

reliability (isitsconsistency,orhowwellthemeasure produces the same result each time it is given)

Hint 35

p83

Front 36

_ the extent to which a test produces similar scores over time when given to the same individual(s)

Back 36

test-retest reliability

Hint 36

p83

Front 37

_ the amount of agree- ment between two clinicians who are using the same measure to rate the same symptoms in a single patient

Back 37

interrater agreement

Hint 37

p83

Front 38

_refers to the degree to which a test measures what it was intended to assess.

Back 38

Validity

Hint 38

p83

Front 39

_ reflects how well a measure accurately assesses a particular concept, not other concepts that may be related.

Back 39

Construct validity

Hint 39

p84

Front 40

_ assesses how well a measure cor- relates with other measures that assess the same or similar constructs

Back 40

Criterion validity

Hint 40

p84

Front 41

_ assesses the relationship between two measures that are given at the same time, such as the ACT, SAT

Back 41

concurrent validity,

Hint 41

p84

Front 42

Predictive validity refers to the ability of a measure to predict performance at a future date, such as_

Back 42

the ability of the SAT to predict performance in college and scores on graduate school admissions tests.

Hint 42

p84

Front 43

_ relies on a clinician’s judgment.

Back 43

Clinical prediction

Hint 43

p84

Front 44

- results when a clinician uses data from large groups of peo- ple to make a judgment about a specific individual.

Back 44

Statistical prediction

Hint 44

p84

Front 45

statistical predictions are
more accurate than _

Back 45

clinically based predictions

Hint 45

p84

Front 46

_ is used in the practice of evidence-based medicine when data are available to predict who will benefit from which treatments

Back 46

Statistical prediction

Hint 46

p85

Front 47

_is useful when relevant statistical data do not exist and when new hypotheses need to be developed. also used in Clinical Interviews

Back 47

Clinical judgment,

Hint 47

p85

Front 48

The nature of the tests chosen significantly depending on whether the person to be assessed is a_

Back 48

child, an adolescent, an adult, or an elderly person.

Hint 48

p85

Front 49

The assessment process should also consider _

Back 49

cultural factors.

Hint 49

p85

Front 50

researchers have worked to develop __ assessments that take into account variables that may affect test performance. Many measures of psychological variables have been translated into other languages,

Back 50

“culture fair”

Hint 50

p85

Front 51

_is a nonverbal testof intelligence that requires no speaking or writing by either the examiner or the test taker.

Back 51

Leiter International Performance Scale—Revised (Roid & Miller, 1997) (mostly memory, matching, or category)

Hint 51

p86

Front 52

Psychologists who administer psychological assessments must adhere to the_

Back 52

American Psychological Association Code of Ethics

Hint 52

p86

Front 53

_indicates that the person to be tested understands the test’s purpose, its related fees, and who will see the results.

Back 53

Informed consent

Hint 53

p86

Front 54

Psychologists can select from a wide range of assessment instruments when planning an evaluation. which include _

Back 54

(self-report measures);
(clinician- rated measures).
(what the patient perceives)
(what can be observed).
(each patient receives the same set of questions),
(the questions vary across patients)

Hint 54

p87

Front 55

When a number of tests are given together, the group of tests is referred to as a _

Back 55

test battery

Hint 55

p87

Front 56

_consist of a conversation between an interviewer and a patient, the purpose of which is to gather information and make judgments related to the assess- ment goals.

Back 56

Clinical interviews

Hint 56

p87

Front 57

_ a clinical interview in which the clinician decides what questions to ask and how to ask them

Back 57

unstructured interview (initial interviews are unstructured)

Hint 57

p87

Front 58

These questions can be _, allowing the patient flexibility to decide what information to provide (e.g., “Tell me about what brings you here today?”),

Back 58

open ended (an interview)

Hint 58

p87

Front 59

or _, allowing the clinician to ask for specific information about a topic (e.g., “Have you been having crying spells?”)

Back 59

close ended (yes/no answers)

Hint 59

p87

Front 60

_, the clinician asks each patient the same standard set of questions, usually with the goal of establishing a diagnosis.

Back 60

structured interview

Hint 60

p88

Front 61

_ are after the standard question, the clinician uses less structured supplemental questions to gather additional information as needed.

Back 61

semistructured interviews

Hint 61

p88

Front 62

_ are used frequently in scientifically based clin- ical practice and in clinical research

Back 62

Structured or semistructured interviews (they increase the reliability of the interview)

Hint 62

p88

Front 63

_ measure hundreds of dimensions, ranging from personality, to intelligence, and to specific symptoms

Back 63

Psychological tests

Hint 63

p88

Front 64

_which measures personality characteristics, depends on its purpose and on whether one is assessing a healthy population or a clinical sample, although many personality tests measure overlap- ping concepts.

Back 64

personality test (i.e. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), <- the best known personality test

Hint 64

p88

Front 65

MMPI consists of

Back 65

Lie scale identifies people who may not wish to describe themselves accurately.

“faking good” (describing oneself as more psychologically healthy than one is) or “faking bad” (presenting oneself as more psychologically distressed than is actually true); many

Hint 65

p88

Front 66

A revised version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2, includes nine validity scales and ten clinical subscales: _

Back 66

hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (anxiety), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion.

Hint 66

p88

Front 67

_ is a 175-item true-false inven- tory that corresponds to eight basic personality styles

Back 67

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

Hint 67

p89

Front 68

The MCMI has adequate reliability and validity, and clinicians sometimes prefer it to the MMPI because_

Back 68

it requires less time to complete.

Hint 68

p89

Front 69

Neuropsychological tests detect impairment in cogni- tive functioning using both simple and complex tasks to measure _

Back 69

language, memory,
attention and concentration, motor skills, perception, abstraction, and learning abili- ties.

Hint 69

p90-91

Front 70

_is widely used to evaluate the presence of brain damage

Back 70

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (Reitan & Davidson, 1974)

Hint 70

p91

Front 71

otor dexterity.
Another commonly used neuropsychological assessment is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which measures set shifting, or the _

Back 71

ability to think flexibly as the goal of the task changes

Hint 71

p90

Front 72

a test that measures intel- ligence quotient (IQ)

Back 72

intelligence test

Hint 72

p92

Front 73

_a score of cognitive functioning that compares a person’s perfor- mance to his or her age-matched peers

Back 73

intelligence quotient

Hint 73

p92

Front 74

The WAIS-IV produces four index scores: _ The combination of these four index scores creates a composite Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) score.

Back 74

Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI).

Hint 74

p93

Front 75

_ a test derived from psycho- analytic theory in which people are asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli

Back 75

projective test (i.e. Rorschach Inkblot and Thematic Apperception )

Hint 75

p94

Front 76

Rorschach Inkblot Test uses the __

Back 76

standardized administration and scoring of the test known as the Comprehensive System (CS)

Hint 76

p94

Front 77

Even when the tests are not used as part of an actual diagnostic battery, many clinicians use __ at the start of therapy to “get the patient talking.” For patients who have difficulty discussing their emotions, such tests may help them get in touch with what they are feeling.

Back 77

Rorschach Inkblot and Thematic Apperception

Hint 77

p96

Front 78

Some are clinician-administered assessments and others are self-report for

Back 78

depression

Hint 78

p96

Front 79

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (Overall & Gorham, 1988) is a clinician- administered scale that assesses many different psychological symptoms including

Back 79

bodily concerns, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, depressed mood, hostility, suspiciousness, hallucinations, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, reduced emotional response, excitement, and disorientation

Hint 79

p96

Front 80

Depressive symptoms, for example, are commonly assessed by the _

Back 80

Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) (21 item self-report)

Hint 80

p96

Front 81

_ (also known as behavioral analysis or func- tional assessment), the clinician attempts to identify causal (or functional) links between problem behaviors and contextual variables (e.g., environmental and internal variables that affect the problem behavior).

Back 81

functional analysis

Hint 81

p96

Front 82

_ a procedure within behav- ioral assessment in which the patient observes and records his or her own behavior as it happens

Back 82

self-monitoring

Hint 82

p97

Front 83

_ the measurement of behavior as it occurs by someone other than the person whose behavior is being observed

Back 83

behavioral observation

Hint 83

p97

Front 84

_test the behavioral assessment strategy used to assess avoidance behavior by asking a patient to approach a feared situation as closely as possible

Back 84

behavioral avoidance (for phobias)

Hint 84

p99

Front 85

_ the evalu- ation strategies that measure brain structure, brain function, and nervous system activity

Back 85

psychophysiological assessment

Hint 85

p99

Front 86

most common, and least invasive types of psychophysiological measurements is _

Back 86

electroencephalography (EEG).

Hint 86

p99

Front 87

evoked stimulus, called an event-related potential (ERP). Changes in brain activity are recorded together with a time-stamped presentation of the stimulus, which can take many forms including _

Back 87

auditory (sounds), visual (flashes of light or images), olfactory (smells),

Hint 87

P99

Front 88

Another type of psychophysiological assessment measure is electrodermal activity (EDA), formerly called galvanic skin response (GSR). This measurement capitalizes on the fact that the _ are controlled by the peripheral nervous system and thus react to emotional states

Back 88

sweat glands on the palms of the hands

Hint 88

p100

Front 89

Biofeedback refers to the use of electronic devices to help people learn to control body functions that are typically outside of conscious awareness, such as heart rate or respiratory rate. Biofeedback can be used to _

Back 89

promote relaxation and to relieve pain.

Hint 89

p100

Front 90

Clinical biofeedback uses the same process but___. For example, a patient’s biosignals, such as heart rate, blood pressure, or muscle tension, can be recorded and converted into a detectable signal, such as a lightbulb that flashes every time heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute. The patient responds to this visual signal by trying to relax tense muscles or slow heart rate. Then the light flashes less often, signaling the patient’s success.

Back 90

more sophisticated equipment to detect and record physiological reactions and responses with great sensitivity

Hint 90

p100

Front 91

_a classification of mental disorders originally developed in 1952; has been revised over subsequent years and is a standard of care in psychiatry and psychology

Back 91

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Hint 91

p102

Front 92

major clinical syndromes—what are known in everyday language as _

Back 92

mental disorders.

Hint 92

p103

Front 93

- a system of diagnosis and classification used by the DSM that requires classifying a patient’s behavior on five differ- ent dimensions

Back 93

multiaxial system

Hint 93

p103

Front 94

a classification system for mental disorders developed in Europe that is an international standard diagnostic system for epidemiology and many health management purposes

Back 94

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Hint 94

p103

Front 95

_the presence of more than one disorder

Back 95

comorbidity

Hint 95

p103

Front 96

Culture- bound syndromes are defined as sets of symptoms that occur together uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups. Ataque de nervios, for example, is _

Back 96

an anxiety syndrome that occurs uniquely among Latinos.

Hint 96

p104

Front 97

self-fulfilling prophecies (e.g., I have depression; therefore, I will never experience enjoyment like other people do) and create stigmas that impact the person’s ability to function well at work or in social relationships (e.g., who wants to date a woman with depression?) can happen when_

Back 97

the clinician prematurely diagnose a patient

Hint 97

p 105