The general health subscale of the SF-12 will be used in this study as the outcome and to assess the general health perception. General health subscale includes one item rated on a 5 point scale, poor to excellent. The response of this item will be transformed to a norm-based score (i.e. 0 to 100). Higher scores indicate a better health status and lower scores indicate a poorer health status [261]. The outcome will be assessed by one item, however, the literature supports validity and reliability to use a single item tool [262, 263].
Exposure variables:
Measurement tools for symptom variables:
Pain Intensity: Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
The BPI is a self-administered tool used to assess pain. It allows people to rate the severity of pain and …show more content…
Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9
PHQ-9 is a self-administered nine-item questionnaire used to diagnose depression. Each item is rated on a four-point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very often). The score range of PHQ-9 is between 0 and 27. Zero indicates minimal depression symptoms and 27 indicates severe depression [267]. The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 are supported by the literature. Cronbach’s alpha of PHQ-9 is 0.89 and the construct validity (correlation for PHQ-9 and mental health scale of SF-20) is 0.73 [267].
Psychological Symptom: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
HADS is a self-administered questionnaire used to screen depression and anxiety in non-psychiatric clinical populations. It includes fourteen items and two subscales: depression and anxiety. There are seven-item an each subscale, each item is rated on a four-point scale. The score range of each subscale is between 0 and 21. Zero indicates no case of depression or anxiety and 21 indicates a severe case of depression or anxiety [268]. The reliability and validity of HADS are supported by the literature. Cronbach’s alphas for depression and anxiety subscales are 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The correlations for the life satisfaction questionnaire and HADS- depression and anxiety
Exposure variables:
Measurement tools for symptom variables:
Pain Intensity: Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
The BPI is a self-administered tool used to assess pain. It allows people to rate the severity of pain and …show more content…
Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9
PHQ-9 is a self-administered nine-item questionnaire used to diagnose depression. Each item is rated on a four-point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very often). The score range of PHQ-9 is between 0 and 27. Zero indicates minimal depression symptoms and 27 indicates severe depression [267]. The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 are supported by the literature. Cronbach’s alpha of PHQ-9 is 0.89 and the construct validity (correlation for PHQ-9 and mental health scale of SF-20) is 0.73 [267].
Psychological Symptom: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
HADS is a self-administered questionnaire used to screen depression and anxiety in non-psychiatric clinical populations. It includes fourteen items and two subscales: depression and anxiety. There are seven-item an each subscale, each item is rated on a four-point scale. The score range of each subscale is between 0 and 21. Zero indicates no case of depression or anxiety and 21 indicates a severe case of depression or anxiety [268]. The reliability and validity of HADS are supported by the literature. Cronbach’s alphas for depression and anxiety subscales are 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The correlations for the life satisfaction questionnaire and HADS- depression and anxiety