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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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_ is a scientific approach that focuses on communi- cation between basic science and applied clinical research.
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Translational research
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p42
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Basic scientists provide new tools for use with patients, and clinical researchers make novel observations about the nature and progression of disease that often stimulate basic investigations. Translational research has proven to be a _
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powerful process that drives the clinical research engine (NIH).
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P42
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The Belmont Report covers three fundamental ethical principles.
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First is respect for persons (participants have rights or need consent from parent).
Second is the principle of beneficence (protect them from harm & secure their well-being) The third ethical principle, justice, emphasizes “fairness in distribution” or “what is deserved.” |
p42
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Finally, the researcher must ensure that subjects are selected through a fair process. An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC) or ethical review board (ERB) must _
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review and approve all research conducted on humans.
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p43
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In turn, in the United States, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) within the Department of Health and Human Services governs _
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the IRB, ERB, IEC
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p43
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The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) _
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for animal ethics
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p43
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Research at the cellular level is one of the newest and most exciting areas of study for _
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abnormal psychology
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p43
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The two main parts of the human nervous system are the__
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central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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p43
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_ one part of the human nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord
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central nervous system
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p433
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_ one part of the human nervous system that includes the sensory–somatic nervous system (controls sensations and muscle movements) and the autonomic nervous system (controls involun- tary movements)
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peripheral nervous system
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p43
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Typical neurons are composed of the soma, or the cell body, which contains the nucleus. The dendrites are fingerlike projections that extend from the soma. Dendrites branch out and receive information from other neurons. The fiber through which a cell transports information to another cell is called the axon. Axon terminals are the branched features at the end of the axon that form synapses, or points of communica- tion with dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons.
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soma,
dendrites, axon, axon terminals, synapses. |
p43 (p44 picture)
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the oldest parts of the brain, at its base is the brain stem, which controls most of the fundamental biological functions associated with living, such as _
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breathing
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p44
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At its base is the hindbrain, consisting of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. These structures regulate _
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breathing, heartbeat, and motor control: activities required for life that occur automatically
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p44
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_ refers to an area of damage or abnormality
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lesion
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p44
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the cerebellum is critical for motor coordination. When lesions occur in the cerebellum, they result in disorders of _
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fine movement, balance, and motor learning.
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p44
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_ portion of the brain stem coordinating center that brings together sensory information with movement. It also houses the reticular activating system, which regulates our sleep and arousal systems.
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mid brain
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p44
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_ is the brain’s relay station because it directs nerve signals that carry sensory information to the cortex.
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thalamus
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p44
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A primary function of the hypothala- mus is homeostasis, which is the regulation of bodily functions such as _
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blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, and body weight.
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p44
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_ the limbic system, an umbrella term for several brain structures that are very important for the study of abnormal psychology
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forebrain
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p44
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The limbic system includes the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus. The limbic system deals pri- marily with emotions and impulses. It is involved with the experience of emotion, the regulation of emotional expression, and the basic biological drives such _
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as aggression, sex, and appetite.
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p44
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The hippocampus also has a role in memory formation and has been _
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linked with the memory deficits that are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease`
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p44-45
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The basal ganglia are also at the base of the human forebrain. Structures within the basal ganglia include the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, sub- stantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. In general, these structures are thought to_
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inhibit movement. ( Parkinson's Disease/ tremor and Huntington’s disease/dancing face or limbs)
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p45
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largest part of the forebrain, the cerebral cortex. Here we find the structures that contribute to the abilities that make us uniquely human, such as _
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reasoning, abstract thought, per- ception of time, and creativity.
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p45
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The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, known as the left and right. Popular psychology commonly refers to people as _
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“left brained” or “right brained,”
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p45
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the brain of Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) from Thibodaux, Louisiana, is believed to have been studied more than that of any person in history, It has resulted in two key findings: _
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short-term memories do not depend on a functioning hippocampus, but long-term memories must go through the hippocam- pus in order to be permanently stored. These findings have forever changed the way scientists view the forma- tion, retention, and recall of short- and long-term memory
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p46
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_ is primarily responsible for language and cognitive func- tions and tends to process information in a more linear and logical manner. The left hemisphere processes information in parts, sequentially, and uses both language and symbols (including numbers).
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The left hemisphere
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p46
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_ processes the world in a more holistic manner, a spatial context (that is, the relationship of an object to other objects around it), and is more associated with creativity, imagery, and intuition.
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The right hemisphere
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p46
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_ one of four lobes of the brain; associated with understanding auditory and verbal information, labeling of objects, and verbal memory
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emporal lobe
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p46
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_ parietal lobe one of four lobes of the brain; integrates sensory information from various sources and may be involved with visuospatial processing
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parietal lobe
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p46
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_ one of four lobes of the brain; located at the back of the skull; center of visual processing
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occipital lobe
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p46
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_ one of the four lobes of the brain; seat of reasoning, impulse control, judgment, language, memory, motor func- tion, problem solving, and sexual and social behavior
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frontal lobe
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p46
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_ connects the two sides of the brain, allowing them to communicate.
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The corpus callosum
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p47
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PNS is subdivided into the sensory- somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The sensory-somatic nervous system consists of the cranial nerves, which _.
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control sensation and muscle movement
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p47
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_ includes the sympathetic and parasym- pathetic nervous systems
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The autonomic nervous system
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p47
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The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) primarily controls involuntary movements. It serves to activate the body, creating a state of physical readiness such as _
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stimulates heartbeat, raises blood pressure, dilates the pupils, diverts blood away from the skin and inner organs to the skeletal muscles, brain, and heart, and inhibits digestion and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract, creating a bodily state of arousal that could indicate the presence of stress or anxiety
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p47
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_ returns the body func- tions to resting levels after the SNS has activated them.
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the parasympathetic nervous system
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p47
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Finally, the body’s endocrine system regulates bodily functions but uses hor- mones rather than nerve impulses to do so (see Figure 2.5). Endocrine glands produce hormones, which are _
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chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream and act on target organs
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p47
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The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is known as the “master gland.” It controls many endocrine functions including those central to the female _
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menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth,
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p47
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Thyroid hormones regulate metab- olism including _
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body temperature and weight
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P47
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Communication in the nervous system is both _
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electrical and chemical.
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p48
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Neurons do not actually touch each other, but chemicals called __, relay the electrical signals from one neuron to the next
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neurotransmitters
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p48
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neuroimaging
the technology that _ |
takes pic- tures of the brain
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p49
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With such images, clinicians can detect lesions or damaged areas in the brain. For a CAT scan, the patient is injected with a _, and specialized X-ray equipment photographs the brain from different angles.
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radioactive dye
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p49
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The computerized images create a cross- sectional picture of the brain. MRI uses _ to provide highly detailed pictures of the brain
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radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field
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p49
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CAT and MRI technology explore _ also known as the brain structure
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neuroanatomy
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p49
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neuroimaging is not needed to _
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diagnose depression.
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p50
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Modern molecular approaches to genetics and new methods of examining genetic associations have allowed scientists to discover genetic _
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loci (specific places on specific chromosomes) that are associated with many complex traits.
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p50
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Recall from your high school biology class that the “build- ing block of life” is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The collection of DNA that exists in humans is called the _
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human genome
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p50
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If the father’s contribution is also an X chromosome, then the baby is a girl. If he contributes a Y chromosome, then the baby is a boy. Genes can exist in several different forms, called alleles, and specific _ create variation in species (e.g., height, hair color, eye color, personality, disease risk).
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alleles
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p51
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Mendel discovered two genetic laws
of heredity. The law of segregation states that an individual receives one of two elements from each parent. One of the elements could be dominant or recessive If a child receives two reces- sive elements—one from each parent—then the recessive element or trait is expressed. In the case of eye color, brown is a dominant trait and blue is a recessive trait. Mendel’s second law, the law of independent assortment, Genes for eye color and height assort independently. |
Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment.
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p51
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_ refers to the study of the relationship between genetics and environment in determining individual differences in behavior.
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behavioral genetics
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p51
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_ the process of examin- ing whether family members of a person with
a particular disorder are more likely to have that disorder than family members of people without the disorder |
familial aggregation
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p51
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_ the person with a particular disor- der in a familial aggregation study
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proband
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p52
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If the disorder is more commonly found among the proband’s family, the disorder is considered to be familial or to _
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“aggregate in families.”
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p52
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Family studies can take two forms.
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Family history and Family interview (more reliable, more direct)
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p52
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observed familial aggregation could be due to either _ or most likely some combination of these influences.
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genetic or environ- mental factors
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p52
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Genetic factors and environmental factors can be disentangled by using _
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adoption and twin study designs.
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p52
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similarities between biological parents and their adopted-away offspring are assumed to represent the genetic contribution to a given trait or behav- ior. By contrast, similarities between the adopted child and his or her adoptive parents measures the _
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environmental contribution to parent–child similarity.
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p52
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Twin studies examine the similarities and differences
between monozygotic (MZ, or identical) and _ |
dizygotic (DZ,
or fraternal) twin pairs to identify genetic and environmental contributions to psychological disorders. |
p53
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_ the study of the structure and function of genes at a molecular level
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molecular genetics
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p53
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_ a technique that uses samples of families with many indi- viduals who are ill with the same disorder or large samples of relatives who have the same disorder to identify genomic regions that may hold genes that influence a trait
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genomewide linkage analysis
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P53
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_ the study that compares one or a few genes in a large group of individuals who have a specific trait or disorder with a well-matched group of indi- viduals who do not have the trait or disorder
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candidate gene association study
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P53
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Candidate gene, genomewide linkage, and genomewide association studies are more direct techniques than others, and they allow for the _
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actual identification of genetic regions or actual genes associated with a trait or a disorder.
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p54
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_ the study of unbiased search of the human genome com- paring cases and controls on genetic variants scattered across the genome for evidence of association
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genomewide association study
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p54
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_ a comprehensive description of an individual (or group of individuals) using clinical data typically derived from a clinician’s practical experience.
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case study,
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p55
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_ provided more details about their specific clinical symptoms and their specific responses to treatment than was possible in the full clinical report
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case study reports
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p55
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although case studies allow us to develop hypotheses about what might have caused certain symptoms or what type of treatment might be helpful, they do not allow us to _
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make any firm conclusions about the cause(s) of symptoms or change following treatment.
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p56
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_ the variable being tested in an experimental study
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experimental variable
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p56
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_ the comparison group for an experimental study in which the variable to be studied is absent
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control group
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p56
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_ an experimental study conducted with a single individual
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single-case design
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p56
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group studies are _
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expensive and time consuming
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p56
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_, each person is a complete experiment at various times participating in both the treatment and the comparison (or control) condition.
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the single-case design
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p57
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the most common single-case design is known as the _ in which A represents a baseline phase and B represents a treat- ment phase.
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ABAB, or reversal, design (non-reversable is called a Multiple Baseline Design)
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p57
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The ABAB design can be used with patients of all ages, but it often is a particularly useful strategy to test_
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the effects of behavioral treatments for children.
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p57
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In some cases, reversing a treatment is unethical or impractical. For example, it would be unethical to remove a treatment that reduces self-injurious behavior, such as _
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head banging in children with developmental disabilities.
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p59
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Single-case designs (e.g., the ABAB design, multiple baseline design) are studies of indi- vidual people that lead to conclusions about causality. They do not, however, _
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allow us to generalize the results to heterogeneous groups of people, and they do not address the impact of individual differences
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p59
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_ the relationship between variables.
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correlation
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p59
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A statistical concept known as a _ indicates the direction (neg or positive) and strength of the relationship.
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correlation coefficient
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p59
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in a correlation coefficient, positive means increase/increase; negative means:
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increase/decrease
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p60
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Correlation = 0 is either a curvilinear relation (inverted U-shape) or a
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straight line
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p60
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_ an experiment in which groups of participants are exposed to different conditions, at least one of which is experimental and one of which is a control
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controlled group design (most common type of research in abnormal psychology)
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p62
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_ the variable in a controlled experiment that the experimenter controls
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independent variable
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p62
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_ the variable in a con- trolled experiment that is assessed to deter- mine the effect of the independent variable
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dependent variable
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p62
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_ the most critical feature of a randomized controlled design in which each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to each experimental or con- trol condition
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random assignment
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p62
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To increase internal validity, the researcher tries to control (keep constant) all variables except the one being tested (the IV). a researcher would want to make sure that _
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both subgroups of participants (those getting treatment and those not getting treatment) have exactly the same experiences over the course of the study with the exception of the actual treatment being tested.
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p63
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When internal validity increases, however, _
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external validity, often decreases.
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p63
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_ a control group in which an inactive treatment is provided
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placebo control
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_ refers to the mathematical probability that after treatment, changes that occurred in the treatment group did not occur by chance but were actually due to the treatment.
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Statistical significance
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p64
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_examines whether significant findings have prac- tical or clinical value. For example, do treatments that reduce symptom severity have a meaningful impact on patients’ lives?
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clinical significance
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p64
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_ addresses whether the patient’s functioning is improved as a result of treatment and the patient no longer has symptoms of a disorder.
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Clinical significance
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p65
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_a group of people who share a com- mon characteristic and move forward in time as a unit
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cohort
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p66
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birth cohort _
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(e.g., all individu- als born in a certain geographic area in a given year)
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p66
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inception cohort _
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(e.g., all indi- viduals enrolled in a study at a given point in time based on a unifying factor such as place of work or school of attendance)
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p66
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_ (e.g., individuals sampled based on a common exposure such as witnessing the events of 9/11 or exposure to lead paint in childhood)
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xposure cohort
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p66
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_ are assessed once for the specific variable under investigation
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cross-sectional design
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p66-67
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_ is a study that takes place over time. This design includes at least two and often more measurement periods with the same individ- uals at different times
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longitudinal design
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p67
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_a research approach that focuses on the prevalence and incidence of
mental disorders and the factors that influence those patterns |
epidemiology
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p69
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the number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated time
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prevalence
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p69
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the number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a speci- fied period of time
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incidence
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p69
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The most basic form of epidemiological research is _, which documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations
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observational epidemiology
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p70
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