Abeka Biology Final Exam Review

Front 1

Angiosperm

Back 1

Flowering seed plant

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Composite flower

Back 2

A flower from the largest family of angiosperms, the composite family or sunflower family, that has ray flowers and disk flowers

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Monocot Vs. Dicot

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Monocot: 1 cotyledon; parallel veins; petals in multiples of 3; fibrous root system (grasses).

Dicot: 2 cotyledons;, broad, flat leaves with branching veins; petals in multiples of 4 or 5; taproot system.

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Petiole

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Attaches the blade to the stem and contains vascular tissues that conduct substances between the blade and the stem.

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Xylem

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Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves.

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Phloem

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Vascular tissue that transports food manufactured on the leaves downward.

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Chlorophyll

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The green pigment which gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of the sun.

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Pistil

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Central structure of the flower. Contains the stigma, style, and ovary and is the female reproductive organ of flowers.

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Anther

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Tip of the filament that produces pollen

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Plumule

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A tiny shoot within an embryo that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant

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Radicle

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Part of the embryo that will develop into the root system of the plant

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Pollination

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The transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma portion of a pistil

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Germination

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The sprouting of a seed

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Taproots

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Commonly found in dicot plants, penetrate the soil with relatively little branching

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Fibrous roots

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Roots like those of grasses and most monocots, have no main section but spread out with very thin roots forming a tangled mass in shallow soil

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Root hairs

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Long fingerlike structures that greatly increase the water-absorbing surface area of the root

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Conifers

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Familiar cone-bearing gymnosperms including pines, spruces, firs, cedars, cypresses, hemlocks, larches, and redwoods.

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Scientific name

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Binomial system of nomenclature. Two words per organism. First word is genus and the second word is species. Genus is capitalized while species is not. (e.g. Canis rufus)

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Carolus Linnaeus

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Swedish naturalist who devised a simple, practical method of classification for use by scientists. He was also an excellent teacher.

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Tissue

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A group of similar cells which work together to accomplish the task of an organ.

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Organs

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Various organs that make up the system. Composed of various tissues.

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Four body cavities

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Cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominal

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Cranial cavity

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Contains the brain

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Spinal cavity

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Holds the spinal cord

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Thoracic cavity

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Chest area contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, windpipe, thymus gland, and aorta

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Abdominal cavity

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Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine, and the reproductive organs (gonads). The abdominal cavity is sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity.

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Abortion

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Refers to the death of a developing child by natural or artificial means, it is commonly used to describe any action taken to kill a child before birth.

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Long bones in the forearm

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Ulna and radius

Front 29

Ball and socket joint example

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Shoulder and hip

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Hinge joint example

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Knees and the joints of the fingers

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Largest chest muscle

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Pectoralis major

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Gluteus maximus

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The largest and strongest muscle

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Longest bone

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Femur

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Cerebrum

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Upper part of the brain, coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors

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Cerebellum

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Lower part of the brain, helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

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Interneuron

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Found only in the central nervous system. Interneurons, which relay signals between neurons or groups of neuron, are responsible for the processing of information by the brain. Interneurons also serve to relay signals from place to place within the central nervous system.

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Sensory neuron

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Neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals.

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Motor neuron

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Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body

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Retina

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The innermost layer of the eye; most delicate part of the eye and the most important for vision. Light sensitive layer of the eye.

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Rods

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Long, thin cells with a diameter about one hundredth of the thickness of a human hair. Rods sense light.

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Cones

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Slightly shorter and thicker than rods and have tips shaped somewhat like an ice-cream cone. Detect color.

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Amino acids

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Building blocks of proteins

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Carbohydrates

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Where the most Calories in a diets should come from

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Small intestine

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The primary organ of digestion and absorption

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Hemoglobin

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A special iron-containing blood protein which binds easily to oxygen and gives blood its characteristic red color

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Diaphragm

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A thick sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing.

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Plasma

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Straw-colored, liquid portion of the blood.

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Alveoli

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The numerous microscopic, thin-walled structures which make of the tissue of the lungs; each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries. Primary structure in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen and oxygenating blood.

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Three layers of the skin (in order)

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Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.

Front 50

Working unit of the kidney that filters wastes

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Nephron

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Master gland of the body

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Pituitary gland

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Lymph nodes

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Special enlargements of lymphatic tissue.

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Louis Pasteur, what is he famous for?

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The germ concept of disease

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Pathogen

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Any disease-causing organism

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Virus

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A molecule of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a geometric protein structure called a capsid. Viruses re-program the cell's genetic material.

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Antibodies

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Y-shaped molecules that help fight infection

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Hypothesis

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Tentative solutions to a scientific problem.

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Paleontology

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The study of fossils

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Charles Darwin is famous for?

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Writing the Origin of Species

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According to the text, natural selection cannot produce new kinds because?

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Natural selection acts to preserve existing kinds, not create new kinds.

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According to the text, which fossil is considered to represent the true human?

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The Neanderthal man

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Natural selection

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The idea that the fittest and strongest of each species were more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker, poorly adapted animals.

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Biome

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Large geographic regions

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Biosphere

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The relatively thin layer of the earth's surface in which life exists; includes the atmosphere (air), the lithosphere (land), and the hydrosphere (water). The biosphere is the broadest or most general level of ecology.

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Two mammals that reproduce differently from placental mammals

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Egg-laying (oviparous) and pouched (marsupials)

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Animals that chew their cud are?

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Ruminants

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Carnivores

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Scientists use the Latin word carnis, meaning "flesh," and vore, meaning "to eat," to name the carnivores or meat-eaters. Bears, cats, dogs, foxes, racoons, weasels, seals, walruses, sea lions, pandas, skunks, badgers, otters, mongooses, civets, and hyenas.

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Gnawing mammals

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Rodents (i.e. rats and mice)

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Poikilothermic animals regulate body temperature by?

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External factor such as sunlight and shade.

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Embryo of a mammal develops in?

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The uterus

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Migration

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Annual moving to a different region; it is a characteristic of many kinds of birds.

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Instinct

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Unlearned knowledge that an animal possesses at birth

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Characteristics of birds

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a) A compact, lightweight, and very strong skeleton; b) A nearly rigid backbone that give a solid support for the strenuous muscular activity required for flying; c) Hollow spaces in the skeleton that provide room for air sacs, which contribute to the efficiency of the respiratory system and make the bird lighter; d) Bipedal anatomy, which leaves the wings free for flying; e) Prominent ridge, or keel, on the breastbone to allow for the attachment of flight muscles by strong tendons; f) Three bones in the shoulder area to support each wing; g) Lightweight beaks and skulls; h) Four-chambered heart; i) Powerful muscles to power the wings during flight.

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Crocodilians

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Alligators and caimans, crocodiles, and gavials.

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Organ that gives snakes their keen sense of smell

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Jacobson's organ

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Amphibian heart has ______ chambers

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Three

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Gills

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Special organs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass between the water and the fish's blood

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Two main groups of fish

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Bony and cartilaginous fish

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Large fin at rear of fish that serves as a propeller and rudder

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Caudal fin

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Organ that allows fish to adjust buoyancy

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Swim bladder

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Invertebrate

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Any animal without a backbone

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3 body regions of an insect

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Head, thorax, and abdomen

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Arachnid

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Spider, daddy longlegs, mites, tick, and scorpions

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Grasshopper, cricket, mantid, and roach - what insect order to these belong?

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Orthoptera

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True bugs belong to which order?

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Hemiptera

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Complete metamorphosis

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The egg develops into a larva and when the larva attains its full development, it forms either a cocoon or a chrysalis about itself and enters the resting stage of its life cycle as a pupa. During the pupal stage, the insect stops feeding and rests while its body experiences near-miraculous changes which transform it into the adult insect.

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Incomplete metamorphosis

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The insect begins life as an egg which hatches into a nymph, an immature form of the insect that looks much like the adult but has different body proportions and lacks wings. The nymph molts its outgrown exoskeleton several times and secretes a new one. Each time the nymph looks more and more like the adult. After the final molting, the winged adult insect emerges.

Front 88

An amoeba uses what to move and eat?

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Pseudopods ("false feet")

Front 89

Mollusks

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Soft-bodied, boneless creatures such as clams, oysters, slugs, snails, squids, and octopuses.

Front 90

Groups of mollusks include

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Bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods.

Front 91

Echinoderms are characterized by what?

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Their spiny skin

Front 92

Coelenterates example

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Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydras

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Annelid example

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Sea worms, leeches, and earthworms

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Nematode example

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Hookworm, trichina worm, ascaris worm, and filaria worm

Front 95

DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 96

Cellular respiration

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Takes food and oxygen and converts it into energy and carbon dioxide

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Photosynthesis

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Takes energy and carbon dioxide (air) and converts it into food and oxygen

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Cytoplasm

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The fluid medium for the many molecules and organelles the cell contains

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Mitochondria

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Sausage-shaped organelles that serve as the powerhouse of the cell

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Nucleus

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A spherical body often located near the center of the cell which contains the genetic code of the cell and serves as the cell's master control center

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Ribosomes

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Protein factories of the cell

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Chloroplast

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Organelles in which photosynthesis occurs

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Cytoskeleton

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An intricate internal skeleton composed of microtubules and helps the cell maintain its shape

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Gregor Medel

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Austrian monk known as the "father of genetics"

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Genotype

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The actual combination of alleles inherited for a particular trait

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Phenotype

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The outcome or expression of the genes in the physical appearance of the individual

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Differentiation

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When the number of cells in a zygote/fetus increase, certain cells are called out to becomes specialized components of tissues and organs.

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Haploid and diploid cells

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Haploid cells (mainly gametes) contain half the usual set of chromosomes. Diploid cells contain a full set of chromosomes.

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Meiosis

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A special type of cell division which produces gametes

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Sex-linked traits

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Traits that are linked or located in either the X or Y chromosome (which determine the gender of the offspring)

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Alleles

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Different forms of a gene for a particular trait

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Substance in the nucleus that contains "blueprints" and serves as master control program is?

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DNA/genes

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Law of dominance

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The law that state that dominant traits show up in the offspring even if an allele for a different trait is present.

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Law of segregation

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This law states that alleles for each trait segregate or separate randomly during the formation of gametes.

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Law of independent assortment

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The law that says that the segregation of one gene does not influence the segregation of the other.

Front 116

Multiple gene (allele) inheritance

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Multiple allele inheritance occurs when there are more than two different alleles of a gene for a particular trait (e.g. blood type)

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Pleiotropy

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When genes influence not just one trait but several seemingly unrelated traits.

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Polygenic inheritance

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Involves traits controlled by many different pairs of genes.

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Mutation

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Small random changes in a cell's DNA that can be thought of as "typographical errors" in the genetic material.

Front 120

Four bases in DNA and how they pair

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Adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine

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DNA structure

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Double helix or twisted ladder

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Replication

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The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

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Transcription

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How the cell copies the information contained in the DNA into messenger RNA molecules

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Differences between DNA and RNA

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DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose; DNA has the bases thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine while RNA has guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil; DNA has a double helix structure and RNA has a single stranded structure; DNA is found only in the nucleus and RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and part of the ribosomes; only one type of DNA and three types of RNA; DNA is replicated from DNA and RNA is transcribed from DNA.

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3 types of RNA

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messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Front 126

Who described the structure of DNA

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Watson and Crick