A And P Chpt 24

Front 1

Alveoli and alveolus

Back 1

Cup-shaped structures within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Front 2

Pulmonary ventilation

Back 2

(Breathing) is the inhalation and exhalation of air and involves the exchange of air between atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

Front 3

External (pulmonary) respiration

Back 3

the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. During this process blood gains O2 and loses CO2

Front 4

Internal (tissue) respiration

Back 4

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration

Front 5

Give the name of the muscles that are involved in inhalation (inspiration). Are these muscles contracting or relaxing during inhalation?

Back 5

Diaphragm-contracts

External intercostals- Contract

Scalenes- contract

Sternocleidomastoid- contract

Front 6

Describe what happens to the shape of the diaphragm during inhalation.

Back 6

It flattens

Front 7

Where are the external intercostals located and what action do the perform?

Back 7

They elevate the ribs expanding the diameter of the chest cavity.

Front 8

How is exhalation a passive process?

Back 8

because no muscular contractions are involved

Front 9

What is the purpose of surfactant

Back 9

To reduce surface tension in alveolar fluid below the surface tension of water.

Front 10

Define Compliance

Back 10

How much effort that is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall.

Front 11

How does airway diameter effect airway resistance. Describe what sympathetic innervation does to affect this?

Back 11

Larger diameter airways have less resistance.

Sympathetic innervation causes airways to relax which makes them bigger and allows more airflow

Front 12

Describe the direction of flow of gases for external and internal respiration.

Back 12

External respiration- diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli to the blood and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction.

Internal respiration- oxygen leaves the bloodstream into the tissues of the body. Po2 is pumped into the capillaries with CO2.

Front 13

What is the chemical that binds to Oxygen?

Back 13

Hemoglobin

Front 14

What chemical is formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin?

Back 14

oxyhemoglobin

Front 15

What is meant by the phrase percent saturation of hemoglobin?

Back 15

Average saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. hemoglobin can hold up to four oxygen at one time.

Front 16

What effect does pH have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Back 16

pH decreases (acidity increases) the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases. oxygen dissociates more readily.

Front 17

how does the partial pressure of CO2 affect hemoglobins affinity.

Back 17

the increase of PCO2 causes a decrease in affinity.

Front 18

How does BPG affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen.

Back 18

Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin, meaning it helps hemoglobin unload oxygen.

Front 19

How does fetal hemoglobin's affinity compare to adult fetal hemoglobin and why must it be that way.

Back 19

It differs in structure and affinity for Oxygen. HB-F has a higher affinity because it binds BPG less strongly. Because of this, oxygen is readily transferred to fetal blood.

This is important because oxygen saturation in maternal blood is low and the fetus could suffer hypoxia if it didn't have a higher affinity.

Front 20

What are the three forms in which Carbon Dioxide is transported?

Back 20

1. Dissolved CO2

2. Carbamino compounds

3. Bicarbonate ions

Front 21

Describe the process of CO2 transport via Dissolved CO2

Back 21

7% dissolved in blood plasma. Upon reaching the lungs, it diffuses into alveolar air and is exhaled.

Front 22

Describe the process of CO2 transport via Carbamino compounds

Back 22

23% combines with amino groups of amino acids and proteins in blood to form carbamino compounds. most CO2 is bound to hemoglobin

Front 23

Describe the process of CO2 transport via Bicarbonate ion

Back 23

70% CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries and enters the RBC. it reacts with water in the presence of the enzyme carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and HCO3.

The exchange of of negative ions which maintains the electrical balance between blood plasma and RBC cytosol is known as the chloride shift.

Front 24

What is the Haldane effect?

Back 24

The less oxyhemoglobin, the larger amount of Carbon dioxide.

Front 25

Where and what is the respiratory system?

Back 25

It consists of neurons in the medulla oblongata and the pons.

Front 26

Where are the central chemorecepters located? What chemicals are the sensitive to?

Back 26

Central chemoreceptors are in the medulla oblongata. They respond to changes in H+ or Pco2 or both in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 27

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

What chemicals are the sensitive to?

Back 27

peripheral chemoreceptors are in the aortic bodies and the carotid bodies.The sense: Po2, H+, Pco2.

Front 28

How does an increase in CO2 increase the bloods acidity

Back 28

It combines with water to form carbonic acid which quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3 thus because of the increase in H+ it causes the blood to be acidic.

Front 29

Negative feedback loop for Breathing requlation response to changes in Pco2, Po2, and pH

Back 29

1. Stimulus disrupts

2. Arterial blood Pco2 (or decreasing pH or Po2)

3. Central chemorecepters in medulla, peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic bodies and carotid bodies Receive

4. Nerve impulse input to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata.

5. Nerve impulse output to effectors- muscles of inhalation and exhalation contract more forcefully and more frequently. (hyperventilation)

6. This causes a decrease in arterial blood Pco2, increase in pH, and increase Po2.

Front 30

Define hypercapnia and the bodies response to it.

Back 30

Occurs if the blood Pco2 in arterial blood is 40mmHg.

Central chemorecepters are triggered and respond to increase H+. The peripheral chemoreceptors are also triggered by both the high Pco2 and H+ levels. but the respond to the deficiency of O2.

Hyperventiliation

Front 31

Define Hypocapnia and the bodies response to it.

Back 31

When arterial Pco2 is lower than 40mmHg. the central and peripheral chemorecepters are not stimulated. the area sets its own pace until equilibrium is reached.

Front 32

Define hyperventiliation

Back 32

rapid deep breathing allows more O2 and exhalation of CO2.