A & P Respiratory Test

Front 1

How are the microorganisms destroyed?

Back 1

The cilia push a thin layer of mucus & entrapped particles from the nasal cavity toward the pharynx where the mucus is swallowed
Gastric juices in the stomach destroy the microoganisms in the mucus

Front 2

Give the location and role of the vocal cords

Back 2

House in the larynx
2 pairs of horizontal vocal folds extending inward from walls of larynx
Made of muscle tissue, connective tissue, covered by mucous membrane
False vocal cords: Upper folds that do not produce sound (the muscle closes airway during swallowing)
True vocal cords: Lower folds of muscle tissue and elastic fibers. Air forced between the cords cause vibration from side to side/sound waves

Front 3

What and where is the epiglottis and how does it function?

Back 3

A flap-like cartilage structure at the back fo the tongue near the entrance to the Trachea
Allows air to enter the Larynx
During swallowing the Larynx rises and the epiglottis presses downward to partially cover the opening into the larynx
Helps food and liquids from entering air passages

Front 4

Waht is the role of surfacant?

Back 4

Substance produced by the lungs and secreted into alveolar spaces
Reduces the surface tension within the aveoli
Reduces the alveoli's tendency to collapse, especially when air volume is low
Eases inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli

Front 5

What is the role of atmospheric pressure?

Back 5

Inhalation: Pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, atmospheric pressure forces are into the airways:
Diaphragm muscles below lungs contract moving downward
Thoracic cavity enlarges

Front 6

What is a diaphragm?

Back 6

A sheetlike structure largly composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue that separates thoracic and abd. cavity

Front 7

What is the role of the diaphragm?

Back 7

Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, moves downward, making space for inflow of air with inspiration

Exhalation: Diaphragm contracts upward, pushing air out with expiration

Front 8

Intercostal muscles

Back 8

Inhalation: External intercostal muscles. Between the ribs contract and move downward, decreasing pressure (raises ribs, elvates sternum, enlarges thoracic cav. movethe thoracic wall up and outward, the parietal and visceral pleura move too, lungs expand in all directions
Exhalation: Internal intercostal muscles
Posterior
For forced inhalation
contraction pulls ribs and sternum down & inward, increasing pressure in lungs

Front 9

What is the role of the abdominal muscles?

Back 9

Inhalation:
For deeper than normal breath
Pull thoracic cage up and outward, enlarging thoracic cav., decreasing pressure

Exhalation:
Squeeze abd. organs inward and diaphragm upward against lung forcing air out
Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity

Front 10

Spirometry

Back 10

Measure respiratory Air Volumes and capacities

Front 11

Spirometry

Back 11

Measures respiratory air volumes and capacities

Front 12

Tidal Volume

Back 12

TV
500 mL
Volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle

Front 13

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 13

IRV
3000 mL
Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

Front 14

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 14

ERV
1100 mL
Volume that can be exhaled during force breathing in addition to tidal volume

Front 15

Residual Volume

Back 15

RV
1200 mL
Volume that remains in the lungs even after maximal expiration

Front 16

Vital Capacity

Back 16

VC
4600 mL
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
VC=TV+IRV+ERV

Front 17

Total Lung Capacity

Back 17

TLC
5800 mL
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold
TLC=VC+RV

Front 18

Laryngitis

Back 18

Infection causing mucous membrane of the larynx to become inflamed and swollen
Swelling can obstruct airway and interfere with breathing

Front 19

Tonsillitis

Back 19

Infections of tonsils and mucous membranes causing swelling
Can block air passageway interfering with breathing and swallowing to pharynx
Mucous membranes of pharynx, auditory tubes and middle ear are connected and infection can travel too all these areas

Front 20

Visceral Pleura

Back 20

Layer of serous membrane attaches to each lung's surgace and folds back to become the parietal pleura

Front 21

Parietal Pleura

Back 21

The ouside membrane lines the outside of the lung, the mediastinum and the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

Front 22

Plural Cavity

Back 22

The potential space between the visceral and Parietal pleura

Front 23

Serous Fluid

Back 23

Lubricates adjacent pleural surfaces, reducing friction as they move against one another during breathing
Holds the pleural membranes together

Front 24

Name the potential spaces in the pleural membrane

Back 24

No significat space exists between the visceral and parietal pleura, buthe potential space between them is called the pleural cavity

Front 25

What hold the visceral and parietal membranes together?

Back 25

Serous fluid
Air pressure

Front 26

What are the differences between the right and left lungs?

Back 26

Right:
Larger, three lobes
Left:
Smaller due to space shared with mediastinum and heart, two lobes

Front 27

Nose

Back 27

Frontal Head
on the face superior to mouth

Front 28

Nasal Cavity

Back 28

Hollow behind nose

Front 29

Paranasal sinuses

Back 29

Air-filled, maxillary, frontal, ethnoid & sphenoid bones of skull

Front 30

Pharynx

Back 30

Dorsal of oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx

Front 31

Where is the respiratory center? Describe its location in relation to other organs

Back 31

Two groups of neurons in brain stem extending the length of the Pons and the Medulla Oblongata

Front 32

Respiratory Center of the Medulla Oblongata

Back 32

Dorsal Respiratory group:
Stimulates diaphragm muscles of inspiration
Basic rhythm of breathing

Ventral Respiratory Group:
Stimulate Intercostal and abd. muscles
More forceful breathing: some increase inspiration/expiration

Front 33

Pontine Respiratory Group

Back 33

Connects with the Medullary Rhythmic Center (rhythm of breathing)
Stimulates diaphragm muscles

Front 34

What cause the rate of breathing to increase and why?

Back 34

Repiratory Center: Affects breathing rate and depth, and so do certain chemicals in body fluids, the degree to which lung tissues stretch, and a person's emotional state (typically fear and pain)

Front 35

Chemo-receptors

Back 35

(chemo-sensitive areas in the medullary respiratory center)
Senses change in cerebral spinal fluid levels of carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions
Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate

Front 36

Peripheral Chemo-Receptors

Back 36

(In carotid and aoric bodies)
Sense changes in low blood oxygen
Stimulates increased breathing rate

Front 37

Inflation reflux

Back 37

Regulates the depth of breathing when stretched lung tissues stimulate receptors in visceral pleura, bronchioles and aveoli
Prevents over stimulation of lungs during forceful breathing

Front 38

Emotional Upset

Back 38

Fear and pain increase breathing rate

Front 39

What's the role of carbon monoxide and how does it bind with hemoglobin?

Back 39

Carbon Monoxide bind to hemoglobin preventing oxygen from binding
Starves tissues of oxygen

Front 40

Emphysema

Back 40

Progressive degenerative disease
Alveolar wall destroyed: small clusters of air sacs merge thus forming larger chambers, decreases surface area of respiratory membrane where gases are exchanged
Alveolar walls lose elasticity
Capillary networks diminish

Front 41

Lung Cancer

Back 41

Uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
Cells rob normal cells of nutrients
Normal cells are crowded out metastisizing secondary cancer in other parts of the body

Front 42

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 42

Defect in channels leading from glands
Causes formation of extremely thick sticky mucous in lung
Encourages infectinos by micro-organisms not otherwise common in lungs

Front 43

Athsma

Back 43

A chronic (long term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
Muscles react and tighten making breathing difficult
The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower
Cells in airways may make more stick, thick mucous further narrowing the airways

Front 44

Bronchitis

Back 44

an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lung
Trachea and bronchi within the lungs become inflamed due to infection
The thin mucous lining of airways become irritated and swollen

Front 45

Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease

Back 45

Progressive disease the makes it hard to breathe
Less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following: The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality, the walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed, become thick and inflamed (swollen), the airways make more mucous than usual, clogging the airways
Causes: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause, Long-term exposure to lung irritants, such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust

Front 46

Book references

Back 46

Know the alveoli & caopillaries pictured on pg. 450, fig. 16-8, 451 16.10,
p. 453 fig. 16.12
p. 457 fig 16.15
p. 446 fig 16.2