A & P Respiratory System

Front 1

What does the respiratory system do?

Back 1

The respiratory system provides a passage for oxygen to enter the body and for carbon dioxide to
exit the body.

Front 2

Label the anatomy of the upper airway?

Back 2

Use the labeling diagram to mark the main structures of the upper airway.

Front 3

What is the upper aiway divided into?

Back 3

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Front 4

What is the Pharynx made up of?

Back 4

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Front 5

What is the Larynx made up of?

Back 5

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Glottic opening

Vocal cords

Arytenoid cartilage

Cricothyroid cartilage

Front 6

Label the Internal Anatomy of the Upper Airway?

Back 6

Use the labeling diagram to label the Internal Anatomy of the Upper Airway.

Front 7

What are the parts of the lower airway?

Back 7

Trachea

Bronchi

Alveoli

Lung parenchyma

Pleura

Front 8

Label the Internal Anatomy of the Lower Airway?

Back 8

Use the labeling diagram to label the Internal Anatomy of the Lower Airway.

Front 9

What is respiration?

Back 9

The exchange of gases between a living
organism and its environment.

Front 10

What is ventilation?

Back 10

The mechanical process that moves air into
and out of the lungs.

Front 11

How are gases in solution
determined?

Back 11

Their partial pressures

Front 12

What is partial pressure?

Back 12

Pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture.

Front 13

What are the normal arterial pressures of CO2 and O2?

Back 13

Oxygen (PaO2)
100 torr (average = 80 –100)
Equivalent to mmHg

Carbon dioxide (PaCO2)
40 torr (average = 35 – 45).

Front 14

What is diffusion?

Back 14

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 15

Where does transfer of gasses take place?

Back 15

Between the lungs and the blood

Between the blood and peripheral tissues

Front 16

What are Factors Affecting Oxygen Concentrations in the Blood?

Back 16

Decreased hemoglobin concentration

Inadequate alveolar ventilation

Decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane when diffusion distance increases or the pulmonary membrane changes

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses

Front 17

What are Factors Affecting Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Blood?

Back 17

Ventilation

Hyperventilation lowers CO2 levels

Decreased ventilation increases CO2
levels by decreasing elimination

Increased CO2 production:

Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, metabolic
processes resulting in the formation of metabolic
acids.

Front 18

How is the Respiratory Rate controlled?

Back 18

Involuntary; however, can be
voluntarily controlled.

Chemical and physical
mechanisms provide involuntary impulses to correct any breathing irregularities.

Front 19

Where is the main respiratory centre?

Back 19

Main respiratory centre is the medulla.

Neurons within medulla initiate impulses that produce respiration.

Front 20

What are Chemoreceptors and what do they do?

Back 20

Located in carotid bodies, arch of the aorta, and medulla.

Stimulated by decreased PaO 2, increased PaCO2, and decreased pH.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH is primary control of respiratory centre

Front 21

What is hypoxic drive?

Back 21

Hypoxemia is a profound stimulus of respiration in a normal individual.

Hypoxic drive increases
respiratory stimulation in people with chronic respiratory disease.

Front 22

What are the normal respiratory rates of the different age groups?

Back 22

Adult 12-20
Children 18-30
Infants 40-60

Front 23

What are the effects of the following on respiration rates?

Fever
Emotion
Pain
Hypoxia
Acidosis
Stimulants
Depressants
Sleep

Back 23

Fever - Increases
Emotion - Increases
Pain - Increases
Stimulants - Increases
Hypoxia - Increases
Acidosis - Increases
Depressants - Decreases
Sleep - Decreases

Front 24

What is the total lung capacity of an adult male?

Back 24

6 Litres

Front 25

What is tidal volume?

Back 25

Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle.

Average adult male:
VT = 500 ml (5-7 cc/kg)

Front 26

Compare he structure and function of the external and internal nose?

Back 26

The external nose is composition of bone and cartilage, divided into two passages by a rigid partition known as the septum. It is responsible for inhalation.

The internal nose is a soft tissue cavity, which carries a rich blood supply, lined with ciliated mucous membranes that keep contaminants such as dust and other particles out of the respiratory tract.

Front 27

Identify the regions of the pharynx and describe their roles in respiration?

Back 27

Nasopharynx – inhalation through the nose, keeps dust and particles out of the respiratory tract.

Oropharynx – inhalation through the mouth.

Laryngopharynx – opens into the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly.

Front 28

Describe the structure of the larynx and explain its function in respiration and voice production?

Back 28

The larynx is formed by many independent cartilaginous structures. Marks where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins. It limits the amount of airflow that is inhaled and exhaled into the respiratory tract by opening and closing.

In voice production, manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound during exhalation. This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract, configured differently based on the position of the tongue, lips, mouth, or pharynx.

Front 29

Explain the structure and function of the trachea?

Back 29

The trachea is a tubular structure surrounded by a series of c-shaped cartilaginous rings. It carries the air into the lungs.

Front 30

Describe the location and structure of the tubes that form the bronchial tree?

Back 30

When entering the lungs, from the carina, each bronchus (Left and Right) divide into increasingly smaller bronchi, which subdivide into bronchioles, which branch into alveolar ducts then end in alveolar sacs.

Front 31

Identify the coverings of the lungs and the division of the lungs into lobes?

Back 31

The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has only two lobes.

The lungs are covered with a thin, slippery outer lining called the visceral pleura.

Front 32

Explain the structure of the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane and its function in the diffusion of respiratory gases.

Back 32

The alveolar sacs are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries, the alveoli stay inflated by a proteinaceous substance called surfactant, that make it possible for gases to diffuse through the respiratory membranes between the surfaces.

Front 33

List the events involved in inspiration and expiration?

Back 33

Inspiration is an active process that is initiated by contraction of the respiratory muscles (the diaphragm shrinks down, and flattens out), causing the ribs and sternum to move upward and outward. This decreases the pressure within the chest allowing air to flow from and any of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Expiration is a passive process, the respiratory muscles relax (the diaphragm expands), forcing the air back out.

Front 34

Explain how compliance and airway resistance relate to breathing?

Back 34

Airway compliance is the ability of the lungs to stretch during a change in volume relative to an applied change in pressure

Airway resistance is dictated by factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli. Resistance is the greatest in the bronchi.

Front 35

Define coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, laughing, and hiccuping as modified respiratory movements?

Back 35

Coughing is forceful exhalation, usually due to irritation or illness of the respiratory tract.

Sneezing is a sudden forceful exhalation, usually due to irritation of the nose.

Yawning is an involuntary inhalation do to shallow respirations.

Sobbing is a chain of quick bursts of inhalation due to change in our emotional state.

Crying is a chain of bursts of exhalation due to a change in our emotional state.

Hiccuping is a sudden inhalation, due to spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm.

Front 36

Compare the volumes, and capacities of air exchanged during respiration?

Back 36

The volume is a measure of the depth air that is inhaled during a single respiratory cycle. The capacities in an average adult male is approximately 500ml.

Front 37

Explain how external and internal respiration occur?

Back 37

External respiration is the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries.

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood cells and tissues.

Front 38

Describe how the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is affected by oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Back 38

Environments rich in carbon monoxide decrease the available amount of oxygen, because CO2 has a greater attraction to hemoglobin than oxygen.

Front 39

Explain how the respiratory gases are transported by the blood?

Back 39

Dissolved oxygen crosses the pulmonary capillary membrane and binds to the hemoglobin molecule of the red blood cell, the blood carries those red blood cells throughout the body.

Front 40

Explain how the respiratory center functions in establishing the basic rhythm of respiration?

Back 40

The body has chemoreceptors that monitor the levels of O2, CO2, and the PH of the CSF. They provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at that time.

The primary respiratory drive regulates the bodies PaCO2 and keeps it within normal limits. The secondary respiratory drive is the hypoxic drive which is the body responding to a natural high level of CO2.

Front 41

Describe how various neural and chemical factors may modify the rate of respiration?

Back 41

Certain medication cause respirations to increase or decrease, depending on their physiological action.

Pain and strong emotions can also increase respirations.

Hypoxia is a powerful stimulant to breath, as it increases respirations to bring more oxygen into the body.

Acidosis also increases respirations to compensate from the bodies excessive carbon dioxide concentrations.

High and low metabolic rates also affect respiration to help increase of decrease levels of carbon dioxide.

Front 42

Describe the effects of aging in the respiratory system. (reading 9.12)?

Back 42

The size of the airway increases and the surface areas of the alveoli decreases, resulting in less oxygen exchange over the pulmonary membrane. The natural elasticity of the lungs also decreases, forcing them to use their intercostal muscles more. Also the chest becomes more rigid because of the calcification of the ribs to the sternum, decreasing chest expansion.