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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a group?
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-any collection of interconnected individuals working together for some purpose
-a gathering of 2 or more individuals, who share a common purpose and meet over a sustained period in face to face interaction to achieve an identified goal |
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What types of groups are there?
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-Primary
-Secondary |
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Primary group?
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-group that is more spontaneous and linked to the values of the individual
-characterized by an informal structure and social process. -is either automatic or is freely chosen as a result of a common interest. |
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Secondary group?
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-is not spontaneous
-are planned, time-limited association -has a designated leader -has a specified, identified purpose -when the group achieves its goal, the group disbands |
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What is a team?
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-Defined objectives
-Ongoing positive relationships -Supportive environment focused on accomplishing a particular task |
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Key concepts of teams?
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-Conflict resolution
-Singleness of mission -Willingness to cooperate -Commitment |
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Group variables?
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-Purpose
-Norms -Role functions -Cohesiveness -Decision style |
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Define purpose.
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-something that provides direction of for membership decisions, development of group norms, and type of communication required to meet group goals
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What are the three categories of norms?
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-Group norms
-Universal norms -Group-specific norms |
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Define group norm.
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the behavioral standards expected of group members
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Define universal norm.
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behavioral standards held by most groups to be essential to the success of group life.
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Define group-specific norm.
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norms that emerge from the combined expectations, values, and needs of group members.
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Define cohesiveness.
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refers to the value a group holds for its members and their investment in being part of the group.
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Define role functions.
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the behaviors members use to move toward goal achievement and ensure personal satisfaction
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Describe the processes a group is involved in.
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-Making clear concise objectives
-Evaluation of methods or means -Organizational features: -Frequency and times of meetings -Qualifications of group leaders -Description of group members -Greater efficiency in problem solving -Greater risk takers -Sharing of responsibilities, actions, and consequences |
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How is effective team functioning achieved?
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-Positive work environment
-Clear understanding of team goals and tasks -Willingness of members to listen -Positive feedback -Disagreements handled positively -Use of consensus -Clarity of purpose -Informality -Congeniality -Commitment -Participation -Shared leadership |
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How do you get ineffective team functioning?
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-Usually dominated by a few members only
-Several members are bored or resentful -Autocratic leadership -Stiff and formal communication style -Conflict and disagreement are very uncomfortable -Criticism is destructive -Team avoids evaluating itself |
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Define dynamics.
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a force or set of forces producing change, growth, or interaction
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Define group dynamics.
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the communication processes and behaviors occurring during the life of the group.
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Group dynamics must be effective for?
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-Group goals to be achieved
-Group work to be accomplished |
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Name three leadership styles.
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-democratic leader
-authoritarian leader -laissez-faire leadership |
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Define democratic leadership.
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leadership that involves the encouragement of open expression of feelings and ideas while proving support.
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Define authoritarian leadership.
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a style where the leader takes full responsibility for the group direction and control of group interaction.
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Define laissez-faire leadership
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a style where the leader is present, but provides little or no structure and essentially abdicate their leadership responsibilites.
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Name three decision making methods.
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-brainstorming
-nominal group technique delphi technique |
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Characteristics of brainstorming.
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-is a group activity, open discussion
-can be conducted in one session -relaxed, noncritical atmosphere is essential -largely an unstructured format -easy to conduct; requires little preparation or understanding -promotes more ideas than do individuals acting alone -possible influence of results by peer pressure |
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Characteristics of nominal group technique.
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-group activity; initial silent interaction with later discussion
-can be conducted in one session -noncritical atmosphere desirable in discussion stage -structured format; sequential steps or stages to be followed -easy to conduct; requires little preparation or understanding -promotes more and better quality ideas than does brainstorming -peer influences likely only in discussion phase |
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Characteristics of delphi technique.
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-no personal interactions; input is anonymous
-takes place over 3 to 4 rounds of data collection and analysis -no interaction; responses are anonymous -structured format; requires "rounds" of interaction -requires coordination of responses, can be time-consuming -promotes many high-quality ideas -little peer pressure noted |
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Effective decisions are made when?
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-Group determines decision making method
-Group listens to ideas of members -Members satisfied with participation -Expertise of group well used -Problem solving ability of group is facilitated -Group atmosphere is positive -Time is used well; discussion focuses on the decision to be made -Members feel committed to the decision and responsible for its implementation -Group atmosphere is positive |
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Define interaction pattern.
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Process of communication within the group
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Define power.
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the ability to influence another person in some way or the ability to do something
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Name 5 different types of power.
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-Reward
-Coercive -Referent -Expert -Legitimate |
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Function of groups.
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-Socialization
-Task completion -Normative function -Governance -Information -Empowerment -Camaraderie -Support |
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Describe intuitive style in terms of mental process on group behavior.
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Look for the end product and anticipate it
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Describe sensing style in terms of mental process on group behavior.
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Solve problems by collecting facts
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Describe introverts in terms of mental process on group behavior.
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-Prefer to contemplate their ideas before sharing them
-Prefer not to share until their ideas are fully formed -Less likely to respond quickly |
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Describe extroverts in terms of mental process on group behavior.
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-Think out loud
-Get their energy from fast-paced conversations |
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What are some expected outcomes of group experience?
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-Feedback to group members about their behavior
-Facilitated interactions between group members -Checks for understanding of what is being said |
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Peplau’s Phases of Group Development?
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-Orientation
-Working -Termination |
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Tuckman’s Phases of Group Development
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-Forming
-Storming -Norming -Performing -Adjourning |
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What are some characteristics of Tuckman's "forming" phase of group development?
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-Initial phase
-High anxiety levels -Acceptance is important / polite -Development of trust / unsure of commitment/ trying to figure out goal and how the work will get done -Leader emerges |
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What are some characteristics of Tuckman's "storming" phase of group development?
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-Group testing
-Possible resistance to collaboration and teamwork -Awareness of differences becomes increasingly problematic -Leadership testing -Focus is on power and control within the group |
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What are some characteristics of Tuckman's "norming" phase of group development?
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-Feedback more spontaneous
-Group shares responsibility of leadership -Alignment of individual and group goals -Behavioral standards emerge -Cohesiveness results |
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What are some characteristics of Tuckman's "performing" phase of group development?
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-Focus on solving task problems
-Cohesiveness stronger -Feelings of warmth and caring -Motivation of others through group achievement -Affirmation |
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What are some characteristics of Tuckman's "adjournment" phase of group development?
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-Final / termination phase
-Ideally occurs when outcomes achieved -Leader reminds group confidentiality does not end here |
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What are Corey's 5 stages of group development?
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-Formation stage
-Orientation stage -Transition stage -Working stage -Consolidation stage |
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What are some characteristics of Corey's "formation stage" of group development?
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-Stage 1
-Pre-group issues -Announcing group/recruiting -Screening/ selecting members -Practical concerns -Initial session -Guidelines and orientation |
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What are some characteristics of Corey's "orientation stage" of group development?
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-Stage 2
-Characteristics of the Initial stage -Inclusion and Identity -Trust building |
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What are some characteristics of Corey's "transition stage" of group development?
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-Stage 3
-Anxiety -Conflict and struggle for control -Challenging the group/group leader -Resistance |
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What are some characteristics of Corey's "working stage" of group development?
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-Stage 4
-Cohesion -Productivity -Therapeutic factors of a group: -Empathy and caring -Intimacy -Hope -Freedom to experiment -Catharsis -Cognitive restructuring -Commitment to change -Self disclosure -Confrontation -Benefits of feedback -Members commit and work towards a goal |
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What are some characteristics of Corey's "consolidation stage" of group development?
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-Stage 5
-Consolidation -Termination |
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What are some essential elements of effective group work?
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-Clear goals and ongoing clarification
-Group roles and functions must be clear -Open two way communication -Positive norms (group behaviour) -Sharing of group leadership |
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Name some positive components of communication.
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-active listening
-genuine -honesty -warmth -immediacy -empathy -nonjudgemental -positive feedback |
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Name some pitfalls to communication.
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-giving bad advice
-accuse others of being wrong -defensiveness -judging others -patronizing -giving false reassurance -blaming others -asking why questions |
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Acknowledgement?
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-Positive expectations
-Celebrate the small successes -Recognize and reward others -Be your own cheerleader -Feedback |
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Collaboration?
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-Complex process
-Human factors -Organizational factors -Outcomes |
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What are some outcomes from collaboration?
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-Feelings of self worth
-Productivity -Retention -Patient outcomes -Positive process -Benefits all involved -Sense of accomplishment -Collegiality and respect -Employee satisfaction |
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What are some human factors in collaboration?
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-Knowledge and expertise
-Limitations -Discipline's boundaries -Communication -Trust -Willingness -Readiness -Confidence -Commitment |
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What are some organizational factors to collaboration?
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-Supportive
-Flat structure -Valuing of knowledge -Interdependence -Shared vision -Creativity -Equality -Cooperation -Encouragement |
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What are some group challenges?
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-Scapegoating
-Silence and apathy -Groupthink -Free riders/ social loafers -Ineffective conflict -Personal values/beliefs |
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What are some inter-group challenges?
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-Communication
-Decision making -Conflict -Delegation -Code of ethics -Models of care |
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Name some skills important to group processes.
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-Active listening
-Focusing discussions -Reflecting -Clarifying -Summarizing -Facilitating -Interpreting -Questioning -Confirming -Encouraging |
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What are the "rules of the game?"
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-Reassessment
-Constantly changing -Clarification -Focusing |
