This is meta-analysis study calculate the sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smoking behavior using the biochemical assessments of smoking substances which are formed in the body to validate it. It was done by Donald L. Patrick, Allen Cheadle, Diane C. Thompson, Paula Diehr, Thomas Koepsell, and Susan Kinne.
First, the researchers introduced the smoking as the largest preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in USA, and then introduced the importance of using biochemical assessments as an objective way to validate the self reports of smoking because they are most often used in validation studies in general although they have some disadvantages in addition to the cost. Literatures which used and matched the purpose of this
First, the researchers introduced the smoking as the largest preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in USA, and then introduced the importance of using biochemical assessments as an objective way to validate the self reports of smoking because they are most often used in validation studies in general although they have some disadvantages in addition to the cost. Literatures which used and matched the purpose of this