Lister, who is often referred to as, “the father of antiseptic surgery,” for he was the first to use carbolic acid in the washing of wounds to inhibit infection during surgeries. Roentgen followed this advancement with his own discovery of x-rays in 1895, further advancing diagnostics and imaging (Shi 61).
Looking closely at the history of American healthcare, it’s impossible to ignore the impact of market justice and social justice. Market justice in the U.S. is based on an individual’s ability to pay, while social justice denotes health care as a social good (Shi 39). Americans have generally valued market justice over social justice simply because they wanted to retain the power to control their own healthcare as well as not pay for …show more content…
With an huge influx of drugs and technology available, doctors can not do it all by themselves (Gawande). The benefits of a coordinated system, in my opinion, outweigh provider autonomy concerns. “Americans generally equate high-technology medicine go high-quality care,” so despite not always being the case, physicians must take this into consideration in order to treat their patients together and accurately (Shi 122). Considering the increased prevalence of electronic health records and their impact on provider autonomy, Gawande finalized his analogy of specialist to cowboys noting how even assumedly autonomous cowboys communicate electronically constantly, using protocols and checklists to hand everything. This point is essential to the argument that the complexity of health care procedures require autonomous physicians to come together and work as a group using, “Medical Practice Guidelines,” those that are, “systematically developed protocols to assist practitioners” in order to achieve any level of higher success (Shi