Immunology Test 1 (Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity)

Front 1

What are bacteria & fungi naturally found in the body called?

Back 1

Microbial Flora

Front 2

List 3 Natural Barrier defenses?

Back 2

1. skin
2. mucus membranes (nasal)
3. tears (lysozyme)

Front 3

List a few functions of the immune system (general functions).

Back 3

1. protect against infection
2. clear infection from body
3. fight cancer/abnormal cell growth
4. provide long-term immunity

Front 4

List some problems of the Immune System.

Back 4

Transplant rejection, allergies, & autoimmune disease

Front 5

Bone marrow stem cell's are called what?

Back 5

Hematopoietic stem cells

Front 6

What 3 things come from hematopoietic stem cells?

Back 6

Blood, Platelets, & WBC's

Front 7

2 subtypes of WBC's (2 diviisions of hematopoietic stem cell's)?

Back 7

Myeloid progenitor cells, Common lymphoid progenitor cells

Front 8

5 cells from Myeloid progenitor cells?

Back 8

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, & macrophages

Front 9

Where do B & T cell's derive from?

Back 9

common lymphoid progenitor cells

Front 10

Primary lymphoid organs?

Back 10

bone marrow
thymus

Front 11

Where do B cells RESIDE?

Back 11

Bone marrow

Front 12

Where do B cells MATURE?

Back 12

Bone marrow

Front 13

Where do T cells RESIDE?

Back 13

Thymus

Front 14

Where do T cells MATURE?

Back 14

Thymus

Front 15

List the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs.

Back 15

1. lymph nodes
2. spleen

Front 16

Where are immune cell's ACTIVATED?

Back 16

Peripheral lymph organs & tissues (secondary lymphoid organs)

Front 17

List a few (specific examples) of secondary lymphoid organs & tissues.

Back 17

1.Tonsil ring of Waldeyer (consists of lymph nodes, tonsils, and adenoids)

2. Peyer patches (in large intestine)

3. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Front 18

What are the 2 branches of the Immune System?

Back 18

Innate & Adaptive

Front 19

Will the innate immune system respond with the SAME LEVEL of response EACH TIME it's presented with a certain bacteria?

Back 19

Yes. It's NOT specific!

Front 20

Whats another word for Adaptive Immunity?

Back 20

Acquired

Front 21

What activates the Adaptive Immune response?

Back 21

Innate response (Adaptive response is slower to respond, but much stronger after memory immune cell's & clonal cell's develope).

Front 22

If you happen to ingest bacteria with Lipid A (endotoxin located within Gram - bacteria's outter membrane), which immune response would occur?

Back 22

Adaptive Immune Response, it's more specific!

Front 23

If a host cell is 'malfunctioning,' will the innate immune system attack it?

Back 23

No, innate immune system recognizes "self" vs. "non-self"

Front 24

List some examples of "non-self" recognition patterns microbes may display.

Back 24

LPS, double-stranded RNA, Glycosaminoglycans, etc...

Front 25

Innate cell's share SAME receptors called what?

Back 25

PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

Front 26

Within Innate Immune system, can one or multiple cell's recognize the SAME microbe?

Back 26

multiple cell's (single cell can have multiple receptors for different patterns)

Front 27

How does Adaptive Immune system acquire diversity of it's receptors?

Back 27

Encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments.

Front 28

Which branch of immune system is encoded in the germline?

Back 28

Innate Immune system

Front 29

Name the 3 receptor's of the Innate Immune system?

Back 29

1. toll-like receptors
2. N-formyl methionyl receptor
3. mannose receptor

Front 30

Name receptor/s of the Adaptive immune system?

Back 30

TCR

Front 31

Which branch of the immune system (innate or adaptive) discriminates "self" from "non-self"?

Back 31

BOTH.

Front 32

Are host cell's recognized as "self"?

Back 32

No. They may express molecules that prevent innate immune rxn (MHC-I).

Front 33

List 3 components of innate immunity?

Back 33

1. epithelial barriers
2. circulating cells
3. plasma proteins

Front 34

What are the 3 MAJOR interfaces b/w body and environment?

Back 34

1. skin
2. G.I. tract
3. respiratory tract

Front 35

What type of junctions do epithelial cell's posses?

Back 35

Tight junctions

Front 36

What structure do respiratory cell's possess that move back and forth in order to clear microbes?

Back 36

Cilia

Front 37

What cell's produce Peptide Antibiotics?

Back 37

Epithelial cells

Front 38

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?

Back 38

layers of epithelial cell's that contain specialized lymphocytes.

Front 39

2 types of circulating phagocytes?

Back 39

1. neutrophils
2. monocytes (mature into macrophages, but macrophages are never found in the blood)

Front 40

What is another name for PMN's?

Back 40

polymorphonuclear leukocytes or Neutrophils

Front 41

What is a cytokine?

Back 41

immune chemical released during infection, signal stem cells in bone marrow to become neutrophil precursors.

Front 42

Which cell's are the 1st responders to infection?

Back 42

neutrophils

Front 43

How long do neutrophils live?

Back 43

few hours, short lived

Front 44

Which is longer lived, macrophages or neutrophils?

Back 44

macrophages

Front 45

Which organ in the body has an absence of resident macrophages within it's tissue?

Back 45

None! All organs in the body have resident macrophages scouting for invading microbes.

Front 46

Macrophages detect microbial invasion, what chemicals do they secrete?

Back 46

cytokines.

Front 47

Secretion of cytokines draws which TWO immune cell's to site of infection?

Back 47

1. neutrophils
2. monocytes

Front 48

List the two types of cytokines released by macrophages.

Back 48

1. TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
2. IL-1 (interleukin-1)

Front 49

What substance/s do TNF & IL-1 cause endothelial cells to express?

Back 49

E-selectin and P-selectin

Front 50

What are the adhesion molecules that neutrophils and monocytes bind to called?

Back 50

E-selectin and P-selectin

Front 51

Leukocytes (ie., neutrophils) bind weakly or strongly to selectins?

Back 51

weakly; they "roll" along until eventually interacting with INTEGRINS (stronger interaction, stops "rolling").

Front 52

What cells are Integrins located on?

Back 52

Endothelial cells

Front 53

What happens when integrins expression is increased?

Back 53

leukocytes/monocytes are draw to infection (chemokines produced by resident macrophages increase integrin expression)

Front 54

Increased vascular dilation and permeability of vessel's needed for migration of leukocytes (by elongation) via epithelial cell's tight junctions is called what?

Back 54

Inflammation!

Front 55

What receptor's do neutrophils and macrophages use to recognize microbial patterns?

Back 55

Toll-like Receptors (TLR's)

Front 56

What microbe does TLR-2 recognize?

Back 56

bacterial lipoglycans

Front 57

Which Toll-like receptor recognizes LPS/endotoxin possessed by a gram - bacteria, such as Bacilus (Anthrax)?

Back 57

TLR-4

Front 58

TLR-5 recognizes what structure?

Back 58

flagella

Front 59

TLR-9 recognizes what?

Back 59

CpG nucleotides (or bacterial DNA)

Front 60

Proteoglycan's on Epithelial cell's bind what?

Back 60

chemokine

Front 61

When a selectin ligand binds a leukocyte to the epithelial cell, it causes the "roll" affect of the leukocyte. DURING this process of "rolling" by the leukeocyte is it in a high-affinity or low-affinity state?

Back 61

high-affinity state while "rolling" and a leukocyte is in a low-affinity BEFORE the selectin ligand binds to the epithelial cell

Front 62

What is TNF & IL-1?

Back 62

Cytokines released by macrophage after ingestion of microbe.

Front 63

Other than Toll-like receptors, what other 2 receptors are particular to microbes?

Back 63

N-formyl methionyl receptor and mannose receptor

Front 64

What do endosomal TLR's bind to their receptors?

Back 64

microbial nucleic acids

Front 65

What do surface TLR's bind to their receptors?

Back 65

bacterial cell wall molecules, flagellin, etc...

Front 66

What factors need to be activated to elicit response from cell toward the microbial invasion?

Back 66

Transcription factors

Front 67

Name 2 transcription factors activated by TLR's?

Back 67

1. NF-kB (nuclear factor kB)
2. IRF-3 (interferon response factor-3)

Front 68

What is IRF-3?

Back 68

interferon response factor-3. It's a transcription factor; stimulates production of type I interferons (which block viral replication)

Front 69

What is NF-kB?

Back 69

nuclear-factor kB. It's a transcription factor along with IRF-3; promotes expression of several cytokines and endothelial adhesion molecules

Front 70

What 3 TLR's can bacterial peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, and lipotechoic acid, among other, bing to?

Back 70

TLR-1
TLR-2
TLR-6

Front 71

What TLR can gram - bacterial LPS, fungal manans, and vial envelope proteins bind to?

Back 71

TLR-4

Front 72

What TLR can bacterial flagellin bind to?

Back 72

TLR-5

Front 73

What is TLR PAMPS?

Back 73

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(ie.), microbial nucleic acids such as single-stranded RNA, or unmethylated CpG dinucleotides

Front 74

What TLR receptors (4) bind at the endosomal membrane inside the cell?

Back 74

TLR-3
TLR-7
TLR-8
TLR-9

Front 75

List the 3 inflammatory cytokines?

Back 75

1. TNF
2. IL-1
3. IL-12

Front 76

What IL-? is a chemokine?

Back 76

IL-8

Front 77

Name one antiviral cytokine?

Back 77

IFN-a/b

Front 78

Name a endothelial adhesion molecule?

Back 78

E-selectin

Front 79

Activation of different receptors on ___________ and ____________ lead to specific cellular responses?

Back 79

neutrophils and macrophages

Front 80

What function do metalloproteinases serve?

Back 80

tissue repair (also fibroblast, growth factors, and angiogenic factors)

Front 81

Binding of this receptor by microbe leads directly to phagocytosis of the microbe into phagosome, ultimately killing microbe?

Back 81

mannose receptor

Front 82

What is signaled before microbe ingested?

Back 82

surface receptors

Front 83

What is it called when a lysosome containing microbicidal compounds merge with a vesicle?

Back 83

phagosome

Front 84

What 3 microbicidal compounds does a phagosome contain to kill microbe?

Back 84

1. reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2. nitric oxide (NO)
3. lysosomal proteases

*All degrade microbes but DO NOT harm phagocyte!

Front 85

What happens if phagosome's contents (ROS, NO, & lysosomal proteases) get outside the phagocyte?

Back 85

host tissue damage is possible

Front 86

What happens to phagocyte's membrane when ingesting a microbe?

Back 86

zips up around microbe

Front 87

What do phagosome's fuse with once they have ingested a microbe?

Back 87

lysosome (this activates the phagocyte after lysosomes bind)

Front 88

Phagocyte oxidase + _____ = ROS (to kill microbe).

Back 88

Oxygen (O2)

Front 89

iNOS + _________ (amino acid) allows to cross phagolysosome membrane to create NO to kill microbe?

Back 89

arginine

Front 90

What immune cell recognizes and kills infected host cells?

Back 90

NK cells (natural killer cells)

Front 91

NO MHC-1 = ?

Back 91

Killing by NK cells

Front 92

Viral/bacterial infection causes host cell to NOT express what marker used by NK cells?

Back 92

MHC-1 (present on ALL nucleated cells in mammals, RBC's excluded b/c no nucleus)