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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The process that uses a carrier to move across the plasma membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient, needs ATP?
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Active Transport
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The use of hydrostatic force to move fluids through a membrane?
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Filtration
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The process that uses a carrier to move material across the plasma membrane in the DIRECTION of the concentration gradient. (no ATP)?
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Facilitated Diffusion
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A special form of diffusion that applies only to water?
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Osmosis
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The spread of molecules throughout an area?
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Diffusion
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The process by which a cell takes in large particles?
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Endocytosis
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Term for a solution with a salt concentration equal to 0.9%?
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Isotonic (normal) IV
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Term for a solution that is more concentrated than the fluid within a cell?
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Hypertonic
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A structure that assembles ribosomes?
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Nucleolous
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A structure that assembles amino acids into proteins?
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Ribosomes
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A set of membranes involved in packaging proteins for export?
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Golgi Apparatus
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A small sac-like structure used to transport substances within the cell?
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Vesicle
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A membraneous organelle that generates ATP?
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Mitochondrion
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A small sac-like structure that degrades waste products?
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Lysosomes
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The site of DNA storage?
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Nucleous
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The process by which an mRNA is sythensized from the DNA?
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Transcription
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A building block of DNA and RNA?
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Nucleotide
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An important component of ribosomes?
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rRNA (ribosonal RNA)
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The structure that carries amino acids to the ribosome?
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tRNA (transfer RNA)
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The nucleic acid that carries information from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
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The chromosomes become visible during this phase?
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Prophase
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A substance that strengthens the plasma membrane?
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Cholesterol
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The substance that makes up the bulk of the plasma membrane?
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Pospholipids
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The phase of mitosis when chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell?
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Metaphase
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DNA synthesis occurs during this phase?
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Interphase
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The chromosomes are being pulled apart in this phase?
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Anaphase (ana-away, apart)
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Organelles that consist of a series of membranes studded with ribosomes?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulumn (ER)
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A natural part of growth and remodeling involves the process of programmed cell death known as?
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Apoptosis
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Active transport requires energy (ATP) and transporters/T/F
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True
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The stage of mitosis during which the DNA condenses into visible chormosomes?
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Prophase
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Large proteins can be secreted from the cell using the process of?
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Exocytosis (exo=out)
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All of the following substances are constituents of the plasma membrane except?
proteins, DNA, carbs, phospholipids. |
DNA (part of the nucleous and ribosomes)
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A membrane protein that permits the passage of specific substances is called?
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Channel
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The type of light microscope in use today?
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Compound light
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The plasma membrane contains two kinds of lipids: cholesterol and________?
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Phospholipids
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In some cells the plasma membrane is folded outward into multiple small projections called?
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Microvilli
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The four bases found in DNA are A, C, G, and?
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T (thymine)
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The four bases found in RNA are A, C, G, and ?
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U (uracil)
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The assembly of amino acids into proteins is called?
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Translation (protein synthesis)
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When a red blood cell draws in water and bursts, it is said to undergo?
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Hemolysis
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When chromosomes duplicate during the period between mitosis?
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Interphase
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Transporters are used for the processes of active transport and?
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Facilitated diffusion
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Droplets of water and dissolved substances are brought into the cell by the process of?
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Pinocytosis (pino=drink)
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Bacteria are brought into the cell by the process of?
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Phagocytosis (phago=eat)
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A living cell (with a tonicity eq- 0.9% NaCl) is placed in a solution of 2% NaCl. The solution is?
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Hypertonic (more sodium concentration out side the cell causes crenation) Loses water. (Water follows salt)
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Glucose is moving into a cell, down the concentration gradient, using a carrier protein. Glucose is traveling by transport or?
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Facilitated (does not require energy ATP)
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The organelle responsible for the generating of ATP?
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Mitochondria (if mitochondria is damaged the cell dies)
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The best microscope to view a ribosome is the?
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TEM (transmission electron)
1,000,000X Flat |
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T/F
It is impossible to count individual chromosome during interphase? |
True (because they are spread out in the cell)
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The small RNA containing bodies that synthesize proteins?
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Ribosomes
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Normal saline contains 0.9% salt, and is said to be?
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Isotonic (iso=equal)
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Special dyes used to see cells in a microscope are called?
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Stains
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The forcing of fluid through a membrane to rid it of unwanted debris?
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Filtration
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The division process of a cell is called?
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Mitosis
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During what stage of cell division does DNA condense into chromosomes?
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Prophase
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During what phase are chromosomes seen through a microscope?
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Prophase
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What type of microscope is used to view mitochondria?
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SEM (scanning electron)
3-D |
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The outer limit of the cell is the?
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Plasma membrane
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The main substance of the plasma membrane is double-layer of lipid containg (P) called the?
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Bilayer
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The plasma membrane is composed mainly of lipids and ?
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Proteins
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Short extensions of the cell membrane?
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microvilli
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Large, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins?
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Nucleus
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Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane (around nucleous) to the plasma membrane (lining of the cell)?
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Cytoplasm
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The fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
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Cytosol
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Network of membranes within the cytoplasm?
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ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum has________attached to it, making it grainy?
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Ribosomes
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has an absence of ________?
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Ribosomes
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Small bodies free in cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein?
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Ribosomes
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Large organelles with folded membranes inside?
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Mitochondria
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Layers of membranes?
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Golgi Apparatus
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Small sacs of digestive enzymes in the cell?
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Lysosomes
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Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes in the cell?
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Peroxisomes
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Small membrane-bound bubbles in the cytoplasm?
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Vesicles
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Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus?
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Centrioles
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Short hair-like projection from the cell, help to move fluid around the cell?
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Cilia
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Long, whiplike extension from the cell? The human body only has one?
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Flagellum (sperm)
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Shuttle substances from one side of the membrane to the other?
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Transporters
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Points of attachment for material coming into the cell in the blood or tissue fluid?
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Receptors
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Participate in reactions occuring at the plasma membrane?
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Enzymes
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Give structure to the membrane and help attach cells to one another?
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Linkers
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Proteins unique to an individuals cells, Important in transplants?
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Cell Identity Markers
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A sugar that helps cells to recognize each other and stick together?
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Carbohydrates
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Microvilli are found in what part of the body?
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Lining of the small intestines, kidney.
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Means "little organs"?
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Organelles
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Often called the control center of the cell?
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Nucleus
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Threadlike units of heredity that are passed on from parents to their offspring?
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Chromosomes
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Govern all cellular activities?
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Chromosomes
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A small globule inside the nucleus?
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nucleolus
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What organelle is responsible for assembling ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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Cytosol is an example of what type of mixture?
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Colloidal
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Organelle that is responsible for the synthesis of lipids?
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Smooth ER
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The "power plants" of the cell?
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Mitochondria
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The organelle that removes waste and foreign matter in the cell?
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Lysosome
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Involved in destroying old and damaged cells?
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Lysosomes
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The organelle that has enzymes that destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism?
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Peroxisomes
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Small membrane-bound bubbles that can be used to move material into or out of the cell?
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Vesicles
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In this process the cell uses lysosomes to safely recycle cellular structures fusing with and digesting waron out organelles?
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Autophagy
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Engulf bacteria and the use lysosomes to destroy them?
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Phagocytes
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A normal part of cell life when the cells are no longer needed "self -destruct" by releasing lysosomal enzymes into their own cytoplasm?
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Autolysis
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Their most important function is to breakdown free radicals?
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Peroxisomes
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Organelles that help to organize and divide the cell contents during cell division?
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Centrioles
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Average cell size is ?
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10 to 15 micrometers
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Multiple sub-units of chromosomes?
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Genes
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Sub-units of DNA and RNA?
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Nucleotides
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Nucleotides are composed of 4 units?
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Sugar (RNA), ribose (DNA), phospate unit, and nitrogen base
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Participates in protein synthesis, but is not part of the chromosome?
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RNA
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AGCT
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DNA
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AGCU
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RNA
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The location of DNA is in most of the?
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Nucleus
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The location of RNA is in most of the?
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cytoplasm
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Sugar: deoxyribose?
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DNA
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Sugar: ribose?
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RNA
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Double stranded helix formed by nucleotide pairing AT:GC?
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DNA
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Single strand?
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RNA
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Divided into genes that carry the nucleotide codes for the manufacture of proteins?
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DNA
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Manufactures proteins according to the nucleotide codes carried in the DNA?
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RNA
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Three types of of RNA nucleotide codes?
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mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal) tRNA (transfer) |
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In DNA, nitrogen bases A (Adenine) always pairs with?
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T (thymine)
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In DNA, nitrogen bases G (Guanine) always pairs with?
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C (cytosine)
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Each nucleotide is comprised of three units?
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phosphate unit
sugar unit nitorgen base |
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DNA desciptive name?
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Double Helix
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In RNA Adenine (A) pairs with?
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U Uracil
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Before transcription begins, DNA breaks its weak bonds and uncoils into?
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Single Strands
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When a matching strand of RNA matches up with a strand of DNA?
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Nucleotide Pairing
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Leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm?
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mRNA
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The genetic messege contained within the mRNA is decoded to build amino acids into long chains that form proteins, a process termed?
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Translation
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With proteins makes up ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?
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rRNA (ribosomal)
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Involved in the process of translating the involved message into a protein?
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rRNA
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Works with other forms of RNA to translate the gentic code into protein?
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tRNA (transfer)
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Carries an amino acid in each molecule that can be used to build a protein at the ribosome?
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tRNA
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Sex cells divide by the process?
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meiosis
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A process that cuts chormosome numbers in half to prepare for union of the egg and sperm in fetilization?
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meiosis
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Body cells or somatic cells divide by the process?
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mitosis
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In this process, each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?
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mitosis
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Befor mitosis can occur, the gentic information (DNA) in the parent cell must be?
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Doubled (so that each of the two new daughter cells have a complete set of chormosomes)
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During mitosis, the human body must produce two cells with this # of chromosomes?
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46
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DNA duplicates in this phase?
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Interphase
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The stage in the life cell between one mitosis and the next?
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Interphase
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During this phase DNA uncoils from its double-stranded form?
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Interphase
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During this phase DNA each strand takes on a matching strand of nucleotides according to AT:GC pairing?
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Interphase
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During interphase, DNA strands are held together in a region called?
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centromere
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In this phase, the double strands of DNA return to their tightly wound spiral organization?
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Prophase
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In this phase the chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
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Prophase
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In this phase a spindle shape structure made of thin fibers begins to form between the two centrioles?
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Prophase
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In this phase, the chromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell attached to the spindle fibers?
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Metaphase
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In this phase the centromere splits and the duplicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends?
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Anaphase
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In this phase a membrane forms around each group of separated chromosomes, forming two new nuclei?
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Telophase
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During this phase the plasma membrane pinches off to divide the cell?
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Telophase
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In skeletal muscle cells the cell does not divide following nuclear?
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Division (forms a single giant cell with multiple nuclei)
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During mitosis all the organelles needed for the division process temporarily?
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dissapear
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Immature cells that retain the ability to divide and mature when necessary are known as?
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Stem Cells
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Serves as a barrier between the cell and its environment?
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Plasma membrane
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Passible to some molecules but not passible to others?
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Semi-permeable (plasma membrane)
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_______size determins the passability of a substance through the membrane?
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Molecular
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The term that describes movement through the plasma membrane that does not require energy?
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Passive
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T/F
Passive mechanism rely on internal or outside source of energy? |
True
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Movement where substances spread throughout their available space until they reach equilibrium?
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Diffusion
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Particles that follow their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration?
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Diffusion
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Type of movement that applies specifically to the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane/
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Osmosis
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A measure of force driving osmosis is called?
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osmotic pressure (the tendency of a solution to drw water into it?
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Type of movement where the passage of water containing dissolved material is forced through a membrane as a result of mechanical (pushing) force on one side?
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Filtration
(materials out of capillaries into tissues) |
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The movement of material across the plasma membrane, via a transporter, in the direction of the concentration gradient?
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Facilitated Diffusion
(example:glucose) |
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Movement across the membrane that requires energy is descibed as?
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Active
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The bulk movement of material INTO the cell?
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Endocytosis
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Two examples of Endocytosis?
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Phagocytosis (eat)(large particles engulfed)
pinocytosis (drink) (droplets of fluid) |
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Described when the cell moves material out in vesicles is?
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Exocytosis
(neurotransmitters from neurons) |
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For a normal fluid balance to be maintained, the fluid outside the cell must have the same concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) as the ?
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Fluids inside the cell
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0.9% is considered?
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Normal saline
|
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Solutions with concentrations equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm are described as?
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isotonic
(tissue fluids and blood plasma) |
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A solution that is less concentrated than the intracellular fluid?
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Hypotonic (draws in water)
(Red blood cells undergo hemolysis) |
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A solution that is more concentrated that the intracellular fluid?
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Hypertonic (loses water)
(crenation) |
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Random movement of particles within the concentration gradient?
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Diffusion
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Movement of nutrients, electrolytes, gases, wastes and other soluble materials into and out of the cell?
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Diffusion
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Alterations of genes is known as?
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mutations
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A natural occurance in the process of cell division and is increased by exposure to harmful substances and radiation in the environment?
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Mutations
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0.9% salt:5% dextrose
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Isotonic
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Less than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose?
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Hypotonic
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Higher than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose?
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hypertonic
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cyt/o
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cell
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micr/o
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small
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-some
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body
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chrom/o-
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color
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end/o-
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in, within
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lys/o-
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loosening, dissolving, separating
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inter-
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between
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pro-
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before, in front of
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meta-
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change
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tel/o-
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end
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phag/o
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to eat, ingest
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pino
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to drink
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ex/o-
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outside, out of, away from
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hypo-
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deficient, below, beneath
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hem/o
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blood
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hyper-
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above, over, excessive
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The basic unit of life?
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cell
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