Griffin Tch A&p Chp 11 Endocrine:glands And Hormones

Front 1

This systems consists of a group of glands that produces regulatory chemicals called hormones?

Back 1

Endocrine System

Front 2

The _____ system and the _____ system work together to control and coordinate all other systems of the body?

Back 2

Endocrine and nervous

Front 3

This system involves only chemical stimuli, and these chemical messengers have widespread effects on the body?

Back 3

Endocrine

Front 4

The effects of the endocrine system occur _______ over long periods of time?

Back 4

Slowly

Front 5

Chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs?

Back 5

Hormones

Front 6

Hormones regulate?

Back 6

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior

Front 7

Specific tissues acted on by each hormone is the?

Back 7

Target tissue

Front 8

The cells that make up the target tissues have_______ in the plasma membrane or within the cytoplasm to which the hormone is attached?

Back 8

Receptors

Front 9

Once a hormone binds to a receptor on or in the target cells what happens?

Back 9

The hormone effects cell activities, regulating the manufacture of proteins, changing the permeability of the membrane, or affecting metabolic reactions.

Front 10

Chemically hormones fall into two 2 categories, which are?

Back 10

Amino acid compounds and steriods

Front 11

These hormones are proteins or related compounds also made of amino acids?

Back 11

Amino acid compounds

Front 12

All hormones except those of the adrenal cortex and the sex glands fall into this category of chemical hormone?

Back 12

Amino acid compounds

Front 13

These hormones are types of lipids derived from the steroid cholesterol?

Back 13

Steroids

Front 14

Are produced by the adrenal cortex and the sex glands?

Back 14

Steroids

Front 15

If a chemical hormone has a suffix -one, what type is it?

Back 15

Steroid (progesterONE, testosterONE)

Front 16

What are hormones and what are some effects of hormones?

Back 16

Hormones are chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs, growth, metabolism, reproduction, behavior

Front 17

What type of feedback is normally used to regulate homeostasis in the endocrine system?

Back 17

Negative

Front 18

Describe negative feedback pertaining to the pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating-hormone TSH?

Back 18

Draw diagram

Front 19

Less commonly positive feedback occurs, what are examples of this type of feedback in the endocrine system?

Back 19

Menstruation and labor

Front 20

Some hormones follow a rhythmic pattern, example?

Back 20

Hormones of the adrenal cortex follow a 24hour cycle related to a person's sleeping pattern, with the level of secretion greatest just before rising and least at bedtime.

Front 21

Hormone levels are normally kept within a specific range, what is the most common method used to regulate secretions of hormones?

Back 21

Negative Feedback

Front 22

A small gland the size of a cherry, located in a saddlelike depression of the sphenoid bone just posterior to the point where the optic nerves cross?

Back 22

Pituitary or Hypophysis

Front 23

It is surrounded by bone except where it connects with the hypothalamus?

Back 23

Pituitary or Hypophysis

Front 24

The pituitary or hypophysis connects with the hypothalamus by a stalk called?

Back 24

Infundibulum

Front 25

The pituitary or hypophysis is divided into two parts, what are they?

Back 25

Anterior and posterior lobes

Front 26

Often called the Master Gland?

Back 26

Pituitary or hypophysis

Front 27

Releases hormones that affect the working of other glands such as thyroid, gonads, and adrenal glands?

Back 27

Pituitary or hypophysis

Front 28

Hormones that stimulate other glands may be recognized by the suffix?

Back 28

-tropin (acting on) (thyrotropin)

Front 29

This gland is controlled by the hypothalamus?

Back 29

Pituitary or hypophysis

Front 30

Releasing hormones are indicated with what abbreviation?

Back 30

RH

Front 31

One of the tiny glands located behind the thyroid gland?

Back 31

Parathyroid gland

Front 32

The largest of the endocrine glands, located in the neck?

Back 32

Thyroid

Front 33

The gland in the brain that is regulated by light?

Back 33

pineal

Front 34

An organ that contains islets?

Back 34

Pancrease

Front 35

The endocrine gland composed of a cortex, a medulla, each with specific funtions?

Back 35

Adrenal gland

Front 36

The part of the brain that controls the anterior pituitary?

Back 36

Hypothalamus

Front 37

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk synthesis?

Back 37

Prolactin

Front 38

The main hormone of the adrenal medulla that, among other actions, raises blood pressure and increases the heart rate?

Back 38

Epinephrine

Front 39

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex?

Back 39

ACTH

Front 40

A hormone produced by the ovaries?

Back 40

Estrogen

Front 41

The hormone from the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules?

Back 41

Aldosterone

Front 42

A gonadotropic hormone?

Back 42

Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 43

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus?

Back 43

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 44

A hormone that raises the blood calcium level?

Back 44

Parathyroid hormone

Front 45

A hormone that lowers the blood glucose level?

Back 45

Insulin

Front 46

A pancreatic hormone that raises the blood glucose level?

Back 46

Glucagon

Front 47

An adrenal hormone that raises the blood glucose level?

Back 47

Cortisol

Front 48

A hormone that aids in the maturation of T lymphocytes?

Back 48

Thymosin

Front 49

The hormone produced by the pineal gland?

Back 49

Melatonin

Front 50

A hormone that lowers blood pressure?

Back 50

Atrial natriuretic factor

Front 51

Estrogen is a?

Back 51

Steroid

Front 52

Steroid hormones are derived from?

Back 52

Cholesterol

Front 53

A building block of growth hormone is?

Back 53

Amino acid

Front 54

Releasing hormones RH are produced in the?

Back 54

hypothalamus

Front 55

Prolactin is an example of?

Back 55

Protein hormone

Front 56

An androgen is?

Back 56

Male sex hormone

Front 57

A hormone NOT produced by the thyroid gland?

Back 57

Thymosin

Front 58

Hormones produce by the thyroid gland?

Back 58

calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Front 59

The hormone that causes milk EJECTION from the breast?

Back 59

oxytocin

Front 60

A hormone derived from cholesterol?

Back 60

Progesterone

Front 61

Hormones not derived from cholesterol?

Back 61

Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone

Front 62

The pituitary hormone that regulates the activity of the thyroid gland?

Back 62

TSH

Front 63

Erythroprotein is sythensized in the?

Back 63

Kidneys

Front 64

Releasing hormones are sent from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by way of a special circulatory pathway called?

Back 64

Portal System

Front 65

When the blood glucose level decreases to less than average, the islet cell of the panceas release less insulin, this is an example of the regulatory mechanism called?

Back 65

Negative feedback

Front 66

The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH, which in turn, stimulates hormone production by the?

Back 66

Adrenal cortex

Front 67

The element needed for the production of thyroxine is?

Back 67

Iodine

Front 68

Local hormones that have a variety of effects, including the promotion of inflammation and the production of uterine contractions?

Back 68

Prostaglandins

Front 69

A hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary that is involved in water balance?

Back 69

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 70

The primary target tissue for prolactin?

Back 70

mammary gland

Front 71

ACTH acts on the?

Back 71

Adrenal cortex

Front 72

Cortisol and the pancreatic hormone ______ both raise blood sugar?

Back 72

glucagon

Front 73

The ovaries and testes produce this type of hormone?

Back 73

Steroid

Front 74

Cortisol is produced by the?

Back 74

Adrenal cortex

Front 75

Islet cells are found in the?

Back 75

Pancreas

Front 76

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by which lobe of the pituitary?

Back 76

Posterior

Front 77

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the?

Back 77

Heart

Front 78

Explain why hormones , although they circulate throughout the body, exercise their effects only on specific target cells?

Back 78

write answer

Front 79

List two differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

Back 79

endocrine system is slow response ovder a long period of time, while the nervous system is fast in a short period of time

Front 80

Name three organs other than the endocrine glands that produce hormones, and name a hormone produced in each organ?

Back 80

Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), kidney (erythroprotein), stomach (digestive hormone)

Front 81

Compare the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 81

Write essay

Front 82

The hormones produced in the anterior pituitary are not released until messengers arrive from the hypothalamus, these messengers are?

Back 82

Releasing Hormones

Front 83

The circulatory detour, which enables blood to flow through the capillaries and delivers the hormones that stimulate the release of anterior pitiutary secretions?

Back 83

Portal system

Front 84

GH=

Back 84

Growth hormone

Front 85

Type of hormone that promotes growth of ALL body tissues?

Back 85

GH Growth hormone

Front 86

Type of hormone that Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Back 86

TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 87

TSH=

Back 87

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Front 88

ACTH=

Back 88

Adrenocorticotropic

Front 89

Type of hormone that Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in stress situations (injury, pain)?

Back 89

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic

Front 90

Type of hormone that Stimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands?

Back 90

PRL Prolactin

Front 91

PRL=

Back 91

Prolactin

Front 92

FSH=

Back 92

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 93

Type of hormone that Stimulates growth and hormone activity of ovarian follicles?

Back 93

FSH Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 94

Type of hormone that stimulates growth of testes; promotes development of sperm?

Back 94

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

Front 95

LH=

Back 95

luteinizing hormone

Front 96

Type of hormone that Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female?

Back 96

LH Lunteinizing hormone

Front 97

ICSH=

Back 97

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Front 98

Type of hormone that stimulates secretion of testosterone in males?

Back 98

ICSH Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Front 99

Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

Back 99

GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH, ICSH

Front 100

Posterior Pituitary Hormones?

Back 100

ADH, Oxytocin

Front 101

ADH=

Back 101

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 102

Type of hormone that Promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules; at high concentration stimulates constriction of blood vessels?

Back 102

ADH Antidiuretic hormone

Front 103

Type of hormone that causes contraction of uterine muscle; causes ejection of milk from mammary glands?

Back 103

Oxytocin

Front 104

Thyroid Hormones?

Back 104

T4, T3

Front 105

T4=

Back 105

Thyroxine

Front 106

T3=

Back 106

Triiodothyronine

Front 107

Type of hormone that Increases metabolic rate, influencing both physical and mental activities, required for normal growth?

Back 107

T4 and T3
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine

Front 108

Type of hormone that Decreases calcium level in blood?

Back 108

Calcitonin

Front 109

PTH=

Back 109

Parathyroid hormones

Front 110

Type of hormone that Regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones, increases calcium level in blood?

Back 110

PTH Parathyroid hormones

Front 111

What hormone increases calcium in the blood and what hormone decreases calcium in the blood?

Back 111

Increase=PTH
Decreases=calcitonin

Front 112

Adrenal Cortex hormones?

Back 112

Cortisol, Alderosterone, Sex hormones

Front 113

Type of hormone that Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress?

Back 113

Cortisol

Front 114

Type of Adrenal cortex hormone that is 95% of glucocorticoids?

Back 114

Cortisol

Front 115

Type of hormone that Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance?

Back 115

Aldosterone

Front 116

Type of Adrenal Cortex hormone that is 95% mineralocorticoids?

Back 116

Aldsterone

Front 117

Type of hormone that May influence secondary sexual characteristics?

Back 117

Sex hormones

Front 118

Pancreatic hormones?

Back 118

Insulin, Glucagon

Front 119

Type of hormone that is needed for transport of glucose into cells, required for cellular metabolism of foods?

Back 119

Insulin

Front 120

Type of hormone that decreases blood sugar?

Back 120

Insulin

Front 121

Adrenal Medullar hormones?

Back 121

Epinephrine and norephinephrine

Front 122

Type of hormone that Increases blood pressure and heart rate; activates cells influenced by sympathetic NS plus many not be affected by the SNS?

Back 122

Epinephrine and norephinephrine

Front 123

Type of hormone that stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels?

Back 123

Glucagon

Front 124

Which pancreatic hormone increases and which one decreases blood sugar level?

Back 124

Increases=Glucagon
Decrease=Insulin

Front 125

Hormones of the Testes?

Back 125

Testosterone

Front 126

Type of hormone that stimulates growth and development of sexual organs (testes, penis)?

Back 126

Testosterone

Front 127

Type of hormone that developes a secondary sexual characteristic such as hair growth on body and face and deepening of voice?

Back 127

Testosterone

Front 128

Type of hormone that stimulates maturation of sperms cells?

Back 128

Testosterone

Front 129

Hormones of the ovaries?

Back 129

Estrogens (estradiol), and progesterone

Front 130

Type of hormone that Stimulates growth of sexual organs (uterus, tubes)?

Back 130

Estrogen

Front 131

Type of hormone that develop secondary sexual organs such as breasts, plus changes in pelvis to ovoid (broader shape)?

Back 131

Estrogen

Front 132

Type of hormone that stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands?

Back 132

Progesterone

Front 133

Type of hormone that prepares uterine linning for implantaion of fertilized ovum?

Back 133

Progesterone

Front 134

Type of hormone that aids in maintaining pregnancy?

Back 134

Progesterone

Front 135

Hormones of the Thymus?

Back 135

Thymosin

Front 136

Type of hormone that promotes growth of T cells active in immunity?

Back 136

Thymosin

Front 137

Hormones of the Pineal?

Back 137

Melatonin

Front 138

Type of hormone that regulates mood, sexual development, and daily cycles in response to the amount of light in the environment?

Back 138

Melatonin

Front 139

RH=

Back 139

Releasing Hormones

Front 140

IH=

Back 140

Inhibiting hormones

Front 141

What type of anterior pituitary hormone suppress both growth hormone and prolactin?

Back 141

IH Inhibiting hormones

Front 142

If a hormone is designed to inhibit a growth hormone, how would you label it?

Back 142

GHIH= growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Front 143

The only hormones that are regulated by IH and RH?

Back 143

GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH, ICSH (anterior pituitary)

Front 144

What does PIH mean?

Back 144

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

Front 145

Hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced in the?

Back 145

Hypothalamus

Front 146

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus are stored where?

Back 146

Posterior pituitary

Front 147

The posterior pituitary hormones release is controlled by?

Back 147

Nerve impulses

Front 148

The nerve impulses that release pituitary hormones travel by?

Back 148

Pathways or tracts between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

Front 149

What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

Back 149

Hypothalamus

Front 150

Somatotropin is also known as?

Back 150

GH growth hormone

Front 151

If there is a deficiency of GH what will happen?

Back 151

The person will remain small, though well proportioned.

Front 152

Type of hormone that stimulates protein synthesis and is needed for maintenance and repair of cells?

Back 152

GH

Front 153

Type of hormone that stimulates liver to release fatty acids for energy during time of stress?

Back 153

GH

Front 154

Type of hormone that stimulates the devlopment of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes?

Back 154

FSH

Front 155

Classified as gonadotropins?

Back 155

FSH and LH

Front 156

Type of hormones that act on the gonads to regulate growth, development, and function of the reproductive system?

Back 156

Gonadotropins

Front 157

Inadequate amounts of ADH, cause excessive water loss and result in a disorder called?

Back 157

diabetes insipidus

Front 158

Type of gland that has two roughly oval lateral lobes on eitherside of the larynx?

Back 158

Thyroid

Front 159

Connects the larynx to the thyroid?

Back 159

Isthmus

Front 160

The principal thyroid hormone?

Back 160

T4 Thyroxine

Front 161

T4, what does the 4 mean?

Back 161

The number of iodine atoms in each molecule

Front 162

T3 has how many atoms of iodine?

Back 162

3 three

Front 163

MSH=

Back 163

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Front 164

Type of hormone that darkens skin and hair by stimulating melanocytes to manufacture the pigment melanin?

Back 164

MSH

Front 165

POMC=

Back 165

Proopiomelanocortin

Front 166

A pre-curser molecule from ACTH, which enzymes cut into ACTH and MSH?

Back 166

POMC

Front 167

The cartilage of the larynx?

Back 167

Epiglottis

Front 168

What two types of metabolism do T4 and T3 increase?

Back 168

Energy metabolism and Protein metabolism

Front 169

These four tiny glands are embedded in the posterior capsule of the thyroid?

Back 169

Parathyroid glands

Front 170

PTH causes the kidney to conserve what?

Back 170

Calcium

Front 171

When calcium is high what hormone is produced, and when calcium is low what hormone is produced?

Back 171

High=Calcitonin
Low=PTH

Front 172

The active form of vitamin D?

Back 172

Calcitriol

Front 173

Calcitriol is produced in what organs?

Back 173

Liver and kidney

Front 174

What are the three hormones that work together to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood and provide calcium for bone maintenance and other functions?

Back 174

Calcitricol, Calcitonin, PTH

Front 175

What mineral is regulated by calcitonin and PTH?

Back 175

Calcium

Front 176

Two small glands located superior to the kidneys?

Back 176

Adrenal Glands

Front 177

This gland has two parts that act as seperate glands?

Back 177

Adrenal Gland

Front 178

The inner area of the adrenal gland?

Back 178

Adrenal medulla

Front 179

The outer portion of the adrenal gland?

Back 179

Adrenal cortex

Front 180

The principle hormone released from the adrenal medulla is?

Back 180

Epinepherine or adrenaline

Front 181

Norepinephrine is also called?

Back 181

Noradrenaline

Front 182

Hormones referred to as the flight or fight hormones?

Back 182

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 183

Epinephrin and norepinephrine instead of being released into the blood stream function as?

Back 183

Neurotransmitters

Front 184

The main hormone from the adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 184

Epinephrine or adrenaline

Front 185

Another name for cortisol?

Back 185

hydrocortisone

Front 186

What are the three categories of hormones released by the adrenal cortex?

Back 186

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones

Front 187

What effect does cortisol have on glucose levels in the blood?

Back 187

Increase the level of glucose in the blood stream

Front 188

A type of gland that has both endocrine and exocrine secretions?

Back 188

Pancreas

Front 189

Islets in the pacreas are also known as?

Back 189

ilsets of Langerhans

Front 190

The islets make up which portion of the pacreas?

Back 190

Endocrine portion

Front 191

The cells surrounding the islets secrete digestive juices and make up which portion of the pancreas?

Back 191

Exocrine portion

Front 192

The cell that secrete digestive juices secrete them through ducts into the?

Back 192

small intestines

Front 193

The most important horomone secreted by islets is?

Back 193

insulin

Front 194

Type of hormone that is active in the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, thus increasing glucose uptake?

Back 194

Insulin

Front 195

Once inside a cell, what substance is metabolized for energy?

Back 195

Glucose

Front 196

When islets fail to produce enough insulin or the body does not respond to the insulin, what disease is this?

Back 196

Diabetes mellitus

Front 197

What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas act to regulate glucose levels in the blood?

Back 197

insulin and glucagon

Front 198

All male sex hormones are classified as?

Back 198

Androgens

Front 199

A mass of lymphoid tissue that lies in the upper part of the chest superior to the heart?

Back 199

Thymus Gland

Front 200

After T cells (T lymphocytes) leave the thymus gland where do they go?

Back 200

Into the lymphnodes of the body

Front 201

A small flattened, cone shape structure located posterior to the midbrain and connected to the roof of the third ventricle?

Back 201

Pineal Gland

Front 202

Type of hormone that appears to delay the onset of puberty, Pinneal gland?

Back 202

Melatonin

Front 203

ANP=

Back 203

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 204

Type of hormone that is produced by the atria of the heart in response to their increased filling with blood?

Back 204

ANP

Front 205

Type of heart hormone that increases loss of sodium by the kidneys and lowers blood pressure?

Back 205

ANP

Front 206

Placenta secretes hormones during?

Back 206

Pregnancy

Front 207

Type of localized hormones made up of most body tissue and are produced, act, and are rapidly inactivated in or close to their sites of origin?

Back 207

Prostaglandis

Front 208

What are some hormones released in time of stress?

Back 208

ACTH, GH, T4, T3, Insulin, sex hormones

Front 209

Type of hormone that stimulates growth in most body tissues?

Back 209

Somatotropin