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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three function of blood?
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Transportation, Regulation, and protection
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Function of blood that transports nutrients and vitamins to cells and waste product from cells?
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Transportation
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Function of the blood for body temperature, PH, fluid balance?
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Regulation
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Function of blood done by carrying the cells and antibodies to protect against infection?
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Protection
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Two main components of blood?
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Plasma, Formed elements
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Component of blood that is the liquid part of blood?
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Plasma
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Component of blood that includes cells and cell fragments?
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Formed elements
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Plasma is what percentage of H2O?
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90%
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Subcomponent of plasma important in maintaining healthy tissues?
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Proteins
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Four types of blood plasma protein?
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Albumin, clotting factors, anti-bodies, complement
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Type of plasma protein that maintains proper pressure in blood?
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Albumin
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Type of plasms protein necessary for blood coagulation?
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Clotting Factor
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Type of plasma protein that fight infections?
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Anti-bodies
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Type of plasma protein whose enzymes help maintain the anti-bodies that fight infection?
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Complement
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Type of formed element that are known as RBC?
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Erythrocytes
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Type of formed element known as WBC?
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Leukocytes
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Type of formed element are cell fragment?
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Platelets
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What type of tissue is blood classified as?
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A connective tissue
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Why is blood a connective tissue?
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Because it consists of cells suspended in an intercellular background material, or matrix.
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What is the main difference between regular connective tissue and blood?
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Blood cells move freely, are not fixed, move freely in plasma (liquid)
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Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood through?
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Thin membrane in the lungs
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How do the nutrients to support cells enter the blood stream?
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The digestive system or storage reserves
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How is the waste expelled from the blood stream?
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By kidneys, liver, lungs
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Blood carries hormones from the secreting origin to?
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Target tissues
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What help keeps the PH of blood?
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Buffers
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The PH of blood is?
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7.35-7.45 PH
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Blood regulates the amount of fluid in the ?
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Tissues
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Which substances maintain osmotic pressure?
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Mainly proteins
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The blood transports heat produced by the?
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muscles
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Erythrocytes transport?
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Oxygen to cells and tissue
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Leukocytes protect agains?
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Infection
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Thrombocytes or Platelets do what?
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participate in blood clotting
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What is the percentage of plasma in whole blood?
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55%
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What is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood?
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45%
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Of the 55% plasma, what percentage are proteins?
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8%
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Of the 55% plasma, what percentage is water?
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91%
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Of the 45% of formed elements, what % is leukocytes and platelets?
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0.9%
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Of the 45% of formed elements, what is % of erythrocytes?
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99.1 %
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The most abundant protein in plasma?
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Albumin
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Type of blood proteins, manufactured in the liver?
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Albumin, clotting factor
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Type of blood protein important in maintaining osmotic pressure?
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Albumin
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Anti-bodies are made by certain ?
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Leukocytes WBC
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The remaining ___% of plasma consists of nutrients, electrolytes, and other materials that must be transported?
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1%
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Next to water what is the most abundant type of substance in plasma?
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RBC erythrocytes
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Tiny biconcave disks without a nucleus?
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RBC
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Iron containing protein that binds to oxygen in the blood?
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Hemoglobin
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Larger than RBC with prominent nucleus?
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WBC
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Leukocytes can be segmented or ?
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granulocyte
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Leukocytes can be unsegmented or?
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agranulocyte (a=without)
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Fragment of large cell or megakaryocyte are description of?
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Platelets
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The principle carbohydrate found in plasma is?
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glucose
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All of the blood formed elements are produced in ?
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Red bone marrow
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The ancestors of all the blood cells are called?
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hematopoietic stem cells
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These cells have the potential to develop into any of the blood types produced within red marrow?
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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Anuclear=
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without nucleus
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What give blood its' red color?
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Hemoglobin bound to oxygen
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Enzymes that exist to battle pathogens?
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Compliment
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The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot is removed?
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Serum
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The most abundant type of white blood cell in whole blood?
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Neutrophils
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A mature mononcyte?
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Macrophage
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A lymphocyte that produces antibodies?
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Plasma cell
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A leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes?
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Eosinophils
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The largest blood luekocyte?
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monocyte
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A substance that often accumulates when leukocytes are actively destroying bacteria?
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Pus
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A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot?
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fibrinogen
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An enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism?
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Prothrombinase
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The process by which cell become clumped when mixed with a specific antiserum?
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Agglutination
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Contraction of smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall?
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Vasoconstriction
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Another term for profuse bleeding?
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hemorrhage
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A protein in blood cells that causes incompatibility reactions?
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Antigen
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The blood antigen involved in a hemolytic disease of newborn, which results from a blood incompatibility between a mother and fetus?
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Rh Factor
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The procedure for removing plasma and returning formed elements to the donor?
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plasmapheresis
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The procedure for removing specific components and returning the remainder of the blood to the donor?
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hemopheresis
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Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual?
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autologous
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The volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?
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Hematocrit
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The administration of blood or blood components from one person to another?
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transfusion
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Plasma can be given to anyone without danger of incompatibility because it lacks?
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Red cells
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Polymorphs, PMNs and segs are alternate names for?
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Neutrophils
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Blood clotting occurs in a complex series of steps, the substance that finally forms the clot is?
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Fibrin
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An Rh incompatibility problem occurs when?
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the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive
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Intrinsic factor is?
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A substance needed for absorption of vitamin B12
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Electrophoresis is?
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A process by which normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be seperated
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An immature neutrophil?
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Band cell
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Blood that contains antibodies against A antigen is termed?
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Type B
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The conversion of prothrombin requires the element?
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Calcium
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The gas that is necessary for life and is transported to all parts of the body by the blood is?
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Oxygen (O)
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The most important function of blood lymphocytes is to engulf disease-producing organisms by the process called?
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phagocytosis (phag=eat, cyte=cell, osis=condition of)
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The chemical element that characterizes hemoglobin?
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Iron (Fe)
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What type of blood contains anitbodies to both A and B antigens?
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Type O
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Substances that induce blood clotting are called?
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procoagulants
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Twelve substances designated by roman numerals that regulate blood clotting?
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Clotting Factors
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Visual count of blood cells is completed by using a microscope and a special slide called?
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hemocytometer
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In the formed elements of blood, how many eythrocytes per microliter of blood?
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5 million
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In the formed elements of blood, how many leukocytes per microliter of blood?
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5,000 to 10,000
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In the formed elements of blood, how many platelets per microliter of blood?
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150,000 to 450,000
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Mature erythrocytes are constantly replaced because?
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They cannot divide and they have not nucleus
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After leaving the bone marrow to circulate in the blood stream, these RBC are in the body for how many days?
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120
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RBC are destroyed by which organs?
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Liver and spleen
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Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to a decrease in oxygen supply?
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Eryhtopoietin (EPO)
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Which vitamins are required for the production of DNA?
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B (B12)
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Which minerals are important in hemoglobin production?
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Copper and Iron
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Why is Vitamin C important from the small intestines?
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For proper absorption of Fe
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Red blood cells are modified to carry a maximum amount of hemoglobin, what is the main function of hemoglobin?
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Delivers oxygen to all parts of the body via the bloodstream
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Luekocytes differ in appearance from erythrocytes due to?
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They contain prominent nuclei of varying shapes and sizes, the cells are round
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Luekocytes differ in color because they tend to be?
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Colorless
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How are leukocytes identified?
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By their size, shape of nucleus, appearance of granules in the cytoplasm when stained
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The most common stain used for blood is called?
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Wright Stain
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A mixture of dyes that differentiates the various blood cells?
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Wright Stain
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The granules in the leukocytes are?
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Lysosomes and other secretory vesicles
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Two cataegories of leukocytes?
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Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
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This category of leukocytes has a very distinctive, highly segmented nucleus?
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Granulocyte
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Type of Granulocytes?
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
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Type of granulocyte that is stained with both acidic and basic dyes, and shows lavender granules?
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neutrophils
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Type of granulocyte that is stained with acidic dyes and have beadlike, bright pink granules?
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Eosinophils
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Type of granulocyte that is stained with basic dyes and have large, dark blue granules that often obsure the nucleus?
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Basophils
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The relative percentage of neutrophils in an adult?
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54-65%
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The main function of neutrophils is?
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Phagocytosis
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Relatic percentage of Eosinophils in an adult?
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1-3%
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The main function of eosinophils is?
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Allergic reactions; defense against parasites
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Relative percentage of basophils in an adult?
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Less that 1%
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Main function of Basophils?
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Allergic reactions: Inflammatory reactions
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Type of granulocyte that nuclei are various shapes?
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Neutrophils
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Before reaching maturity these type of granulocytes become segmented and the nucleus looks like a thick curved band?
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Band cells (immature cells of neutrophils)
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An increase in the number of band cells also called stab or staff cells may?
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Indicate an infection
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What types of granulocytes increase in numbers during allergic reactions?
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Eosinophils and basophils
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Type of leukocytes that lack easily visible granules?
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Agranulocytes
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Their nuclei are round and curved and are not segmented?
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agranulocytes
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Types of agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes and monocytes
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The second most numerous white cell?
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Lymphocytes
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Type of agranulocyted that originates in the bone marrow but matures in lymhoid tissue?
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Lymphocytes
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Type of agranulocyte that circulate in the lymphatic system and are active in immunity?
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Lymphocytes
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The largest of the wbc?
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Monocytes
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Type of blood cell that clear the body of foreign material and cellular debris?
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Leukocytes
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The engulfing of foreign matter is termed?
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phagocytosis
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A mixture of dead and living bacteria together with dead and living leukocytes forms?
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Pus
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A collection of pus localized in one area is?
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abcess
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Mature monocyte?
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macrophage
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The smallest formed element?
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Are not cells in themselves, but rather fragments constantly released from giant bone marrow cells?
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platelets
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Giant bone marrow cells?
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Megakaryocytes
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Formed element that does not have nuclei or DNA but contain enzymes and mitochondria?
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platelets
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Life span of a platelet?
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10 days
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Life span of a leukocyte?
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6-8 hours
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The process that prevents blood loss from the circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury?
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Hemostasis
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Events in hemostasis?
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Contraction, platelet plug, blood clot
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Reduces the flow of blood and loss from the defect in the vessel wall Or vasoconstriction?
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Contraction
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Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug?
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Platelet plug
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When injured what type of coagulant is activated?
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procoagulant
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A substance that triggers the final clotting mechanism?
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prothrombinase
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Calcium is needed to convert blood into?
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thrombin
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Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?
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Thrombin
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Forms a network of threads that entraps plasma and blood cell to form a clot?
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fibrin
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Contains all the components of blood EXCEPT the clotting factor?
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Serum
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What happens when fibrigen converts to fibrin?
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Forms a clot
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Certain proteins on the surface of the red cells cause incompatibility reactions in types of blood called?
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Antigens or agglutinogens
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Name the four blood types involving the A and B antigens?
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A, B, AB, and O
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If only the A antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?
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Type A
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If only the B antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?
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Type B
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Blood type that has both A and B antigens?
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AB
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Blood type that doesn't have any antigens?
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O
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Type A reacts with which antiserum?
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Anti-A
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Type A plasma antibodies?
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Anti-B
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Type A can receive blood from?
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Type A and O
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Type a Can donated to?
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A, AB
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Type B reacts with antiserum?
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Anti-B
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Type B plasma antibodies?
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Anti-A
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Type B can receive blood from?
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B, O
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Type B can donate blood to?
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B, AB
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Type AB reacts to which antiserum?
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Anti-A, Anti-B
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Type AB plasma antibodies?
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None
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Type AB can recieve from?
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AB, A, B, O
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Type AB can donate to?
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AB
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Type O antigen?
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NONE
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Type O Antiserum?
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NONE
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Type O plasma antibodies?
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Anti-A, Anti-B
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Type O can receive from?
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O
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Type O can donate to?
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O, A, B, AB
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Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy red cells with B antigen?
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Anti-B serum
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Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy cells with A antigen?
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Anti-A serum
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People with type O blood are called?
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Universal DONORS
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People with type AB blood are called?
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Universal RECIPIENTS
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Why is Type O blood considered universal donor?
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It doesn't contain A or B antigens
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Why is Type AB considered universal recipient?
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Contains no antibodies to agglutinate red cells
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Named for Rhesus monkeys?
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Rh Factor
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Also known as the D antigen?
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Rh Factor
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People with the D antigen are considered?
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Rh Positive
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People without the D antigen are considered?
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Rh Negative
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HDN=
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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HMD is also called?
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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The disease when a mothers Rh antibodies pass to the fetus and destroy the fetus's red blood cells?
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HMD
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HMD is prevented by administering what immune globin?
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RhD
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To keep blood from clotting at a blood bank, what solution is added?
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CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine)
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Blood may be stored for how many days?
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35 days
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A machine that spins in a circle at high speed to separate components of a mixture according to density?
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Centrifuge
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Can be used alone in an emergency to replace blood volume and prevent circulatory failure (shock)?
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Plasma
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Plasma can be separated by chemical means into?
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plasma protein fraction, serum albumin, immune serum, and clotting factors
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Cell free isotonic solutions used to maintain blood fluid volume to prevent circulatory shock?
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Plasma expanders
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A white precipitate which forms of frozen blood plasma bags?
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cryoprecipitate
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The normal range for hematocrit in adult men is?
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42-54%
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The normal range for hematocrit in adult women is?
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36-46%
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A decrease in hemoglobin to below normal levels signifies?
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Anemia
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Normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be separated and measured by what process?
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electrophoresis
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A ruled slide used to count the cells in a given volume of blood under the microscope?
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hemocytometer
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An increase in red cell count is termed?
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Polycythemia
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A decrease in the red cell count is termed?
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Anemia
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When the white cell count is below 5000 cells per mL?
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Leukopenia
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When the white cell count exceeds 10,000 cells per mL?
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leukocytosis
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CBC=
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Complete Blood Count
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The name given a erythrocyte prior to leaving the marrow and entering the bloodstream?
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reticulocytes
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A decreased platelet count is termed?
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thromocytopenia
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What type of blood component contains anti bodies?
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Gamma globulin
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What are two types of hemoglobin tests?
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color test and electrophoresis
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Red blood cells live how many days?
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120 Days
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The circulating platelets can live how many days?
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10 days
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Also known as agglutinins?
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Antibodies (Ab)
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Also known as agglutinogens?
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Antigens (Ag)
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Substance produced in response to a specific antigen?
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Antibodies
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Foreign substance that produces an immune response?
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Antigens
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NLMEB=
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Greatest to smalles White blood cells=Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
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