Mountain pine beetle

Bark beetle outbreaks are often fueled by drought and fire-damaged trees, killing more trees and exacerbating the effects of climate change (CFPC 2015). This paper will be focusing on the decline of one of California’s most abundant species, the Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Ponderosa pine trees have a wide range and can be found throughout the western United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico (Little 1971). Here in California they primarily occupy mountainous regions but have been found in elevations ranging from sea level to 10,000 ft. depending on latitude (Oliver and Ryker 1990). Ponderosa pines are susceptible to further decline as we continue to see increases in temperature and drought in California. It is inevitable that we will continue to see changes in our forest structures so long as we continue to manipulate and influence the natural world. However, what will these changes mean for the health and well-being of humans and wildlife? P. ponderosa is a beautiful tree that provides scenery, solace, and enjoyment to humans and crucial habitat for birds, mammals, insects, and associated understory plant species. Future forest management decisions depend on thorough interdisciplinary solutions to major problems like the bark beetle attacks and…

The more greenhouse gases the trees release will in turn to create stronger effects for the global warming. Second of all, the insect outbreak is also affected by global warming. The survival of insects and diseases is largely depend on climate. Due to the warmer and wetter conditions by climate change, the amount of pests is rising and spreading. With reference to one article, the size and severity of mountain pine beetle outbreak is associated with climatically favorable habitat increased due…

And it does in severe ways. For one, climate change is melting glaciers. You may think, what does this have to do with humans besides a little warm temperate? A lot. One of the main reasons being that about 400 million people worldwide depend on mountain glaciers as a water source. Glaciers are crucial for life support in villages such as villages in the Zanskar valley where they get just half an inch of rain a year due to cold temperatures. Not only do the glaciers serve as drinking water but…

plant, the toadflax is preferentially avoided by the local fauna and this results in this plant out-competing the native species in the region. One of the benefits of intermittent forest fires is to clear the land of such exotic species. This provides the native species the survival edge to repopulate the burnt out forest area and flourish. Natural forest fires also provide the high temperatures required for some plant species to disperse their seeds rapidly. For example, Jack pines (Pinus…

In Robert Frost's Poem "Stopping By Woods on A Snowy Evening" the speaker chooses to surround himself with the dangers of nature away from the comforts of society; whereas Tennyson's "The Lady of Shalott" is in a tower locked away from the beauties of society because of her own fears. As the speaker in Frost's poem secludes himself from society he notices the dangers around him and what they could potentially cause. In Robert Frost's poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" he describes a man…

Out of all, the burned area showed a significant increase in longleaf pines, (Pinus Palustris) and a decrease in woody species, compared to the unburned area. In fact, it jumped from a frequency of 15 in the unburned area to a frequency of 50; which is two times that of the burned area (see figure 1). Compared to all other species of tree, Pinus Palustris experienced the most increase of frequency. Whereas, Pinus Clausa or sand pine, was only present in the burned area showing that it was a…

Jon Forrester never left his room. Which was common for a writer. The only times were for a smoke, or too lie up on the roof and watch the planes fly by. The planes were headed somewhere important. Off too burn a couple of traitors, no doubt.Anybody with two functioning eyeballs could see the bombs hanging off the belly of the machines. End of the world shit. Anybody with a brain knew that the taste of sulfur and gas in the air, wasn’t natural. Nor was the way the skyline would light up like…

lay their eggs at the tip of goldenrod shoots which hatches into the larva during the summer. The larva bored into the plants stem and begins forming a gall. The galls reach their full size at the end of the summer while the larva matures throughout the year. This is when predators start to attack the goldenrod and feed on the fly larvae within the gall. These predators include parasitoid wasps (Eurytoma gigantea and E. obtusiventris), the beetle (Mordellistena unicolor) and birds specifically…

polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) problem, originated in Asian countries, shifted from a decayed and rotting host of trees in south east Asian countries to native, nursery, fruit, and landscape tree hosts in southern California and Israel. The boring beetle and tree host could exist mutually, however, the distinct symbiotic relationship between the invasive ambrosia beetle Euwallacea and the destructive fungi Fusarium poses a potential lethal threat to specific host trees, such as avocado…

Adaptations allow certain animals to live in certain environments/habitats, these adaptations are crucial for the survival of an organism. Group 2 - Insects Insects are able to survive on land or in water. Both land insects and aquatic insects do the same gas exchange process however both have different adaptations that allow them to live in either land or water. A diving beetle and a mayfly are both good examples of how insects have adaptations that allow them to live in the water and be fully…