David Hume

Throughout history, there have been numerous eras of change and revolution in thought and social practise; however, none have been as momentous and influential in changing Europe as the period of Enlightenment that spread across the continent between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. With the rise of “enlightened” thought, there was an influx of new writers that brought forth new and stimulating ideas, which caused quite a stir in the conservative areas of the world. Widely acclaimed…

Based on, Immanuel Kant’s definition of enlightenment, we are not at all living in an enlightened age. As Kant explained to his students, in order to achieve enlightenment, one must, “have courage to use your own reason” . This means that people should not be afraid to question anything, and become more independent from others. Also, as it was explained, “laziness and cowardice” are the biggest reasons for the dependence that humans rely on. First, our current reliance on technology makes us an…

2. Hume states that habit is the great guide to human life because custom allows us to use experience to navigate our world. He makes this assertion because it follows a criticism of our understanding of cause and effect as previous philosophers speculated. Hume makes the point that we do not actually understand cause and effect, only the relation of repetition shared between two things. We don't actually see the change that happens between one event to the next, and understanding the…

Humans think that we have free will, but how free are we actually. When you make a choice you think that it is free will. But really that was what you were supposed to choose all along. We all have a path that our lives will follow no matter what we do. Now are we still free? Some would say yes, because we are still given the choice in the first place. Others would say no because we can really only pick one thing and nothing else. Paul Holbach does not think we have free will. The basic…

According to Kant, to be enlightened is to both be free of self-incurred tutelage and have the freedom to express oneself without penalty. Tutelage occurs because of laziness, cowardice, complacency, and blind obedience (Kant). When these tutelages are done away with, and there is freedom of expression, then people can become enlightened (Kant). In Euthyphro, Socrates is demonstrating that he is enlightened because he doesn’t do any of the things that would create self-incurred tutelage, he is…

White lies are the most commonly type of lies used, but there are also lies to protect others and lies to cause harm which are used less often. Teen and adults lie they feel like it and need to in a situation that is is presented to them. Experts like Immanuel Kant explain that all lies are unjustified, whereas Randy Cohen and Bella DePaulo express their professional opinion that lying is usually unjustified lying is sometimes justified due to the need to protect others, to maintain a…

Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason played a significant role in the world of philosophy. Some people would argue that Kant was a philosophical genius, but others would argue that he failed to lay a proper foundation of philosophy. Several German philosophers responded to his work and some even devoted their writings strictly to offering a response to the Critique. Even though these philosophers agreed on a few things regarding philosophy, they did not agree on everything. Johann Gottlieb…

enshrinement and offerings creates a history of the image and its cult. As an image’s popularity grows, the expense of its enshrinement grows. This layering melds the process of growing popularity with the already produced form of the miraculous image. David Harvey’s “palimpsest, a series of layers… at different historical moments all superimposed upon each other,” is then created through the immagini miracolose. The palimpsest of the image cult is a physical collection of artifacts attached to…

In regards to enlightenment, Kant says this, “Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity” (IN TEXT). This definition of enlightenment is the focal point of his philosophical idea of what it takes for someone to become enlightened. The idea of enlightenment by Kant is an interesting concept because of the many different sectors of a man’s life. Kant breaks a man’s life into the private sector and the public sector. He makes very specific claims about how one should act…

In the unit “States of Consciousness”, we discussed the concept of conscious will, and whether our everyday actions are determined by the choosing of our own free will, or if our conscious experience in making choices is merely a delusion of grandeur. It’s difficult to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions, especially if we are unaware of the extent to which we have free will. The idea is that we are already in motion of preparing for action before we even realize or actively…