Basilar artery

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is characterized by a decrease in cardiac output (CO) and the consequent decrease in blood flow throughout the body leads to many widespread effects. For example, when CO is too low, the body starts to prioritize and will decrease blood flow to certain organs, such as the digestive viscera, in order to maintain needed blood flow in organs such as the brain. As a result, a person with CHF will have issues with cachexia and malnutrition because the body is not…

Scleroderma is a rare disease that causes the skin to become thick and hard. It’s a rare disease that can be life threatening. More than 75% of people that get this chronic disease are women. There are usually two types of scleroderma, localized and systemic scleroderma. Localized scleroderma usually only affects the skin, and systemic scleroderma is more serious. It affects the skin, muscles, blood vessels, and organs. The cause of scleroderma is unknown and there is no cure for this disease at…

chances of getting a heart disease increases threefold. Gender wise, men are more prone to develop a cardiovascular or heart disease than women. Of all the deaths caused by heart diseases, 80% among men and 75% among women are due to Stroke and Coronary Artery disease. Higher intake of saturated or mono saturated fat is also associated with higher risk of developing a cardiovascular disease, with the exception of French!…

Although anorexia nervosa wreaks havoc on most major organ systems of the body, the most life-threatening injury is done to the heart. Cardiovascular complications start with the loss of heart muscle, leading to abnormal heart rhythms and low blood pressure. As the emaciated body loses muscle, the heart muscle loses mass and complications such as bradycardia and hypotension arise. Brown and Mehler (2015) have observed, “bradycardia (pulse <60) and hypotension are among the most common…

I potentially could be at risk for COPD, due to an Alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, which my grandma may have had as well and may or may not have passed it down to me (she most likely did not have this deficiency, but you never know). Because of this potential, I want to focus on healthier habits, which my goals will explain. According to Köhnlein and Welte in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment (2008), alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency is…

insufficient coronary blood flow due to the narrowing of coronary arteries. Inadequate amount of coronary blood flow and cause the onset of stable angina pain. D.(Incorrect) Increase intake of high-density lipoprotein does not lead to stable angina. In fact, it can reduce the number of atheromatous plaque in the arteries. Therefore, increase intake of high-density lipoproteins can reduce the chance of developing atherosclerotic coronary arteries, which in turn decrease the occurrence of stable…

Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries thicken as cholesterol builds-up on their walls. A chronic inflammatory response in the arterial wall by the macrophage accumulation, promoted by low-density lipids.5 It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries that can lead to stroke and myocardial infarction. Macrophages tend to rupture plaques by releasing lytic???? enzymes that break plaques in the arteries. Biomarkers such as plasma lipid estimation and myeloperoxidase,…

There are many risks that arise with catheter ablation and cardioversion. Stroke and death are the main problems with these surgeries. What happens if these procedures don’t work? Is there another option for the patients to receive any treatment? If the heart is shocked three or four times in one cardioversion setting, how will the heart handle this treatment the next time the heart needs to be shocked? Is there a definite cure out there? Since antiarrhythmic drugs are potentially dangerous, is…

vessels and arteries. These vessels and arteries can sometimes become blocked due to an occlusion or pre-existing heart disease. The occlusion or pre-existing condition can be affected if there is a lack or decrease of oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle. Hypoxic cell injury is a mechanism where oxygen levels are decreased to the myocardial cells of the heart and results in atherosclerosis. Blood flows through each of the coronary arteries independently. When one of the arteries is…

ventricular muscle must overcome to eject blood. There is an inverse relationship between afterload and stroke volume. Factors that affect afterload include age due to stiffness and less contraction of the muscular arteries, increase of blood pressure and constriction of the arteries. The heart simply ejects all of the extra blood that filled it. However, increased in stroke volume leads to an increase in cardiac output and arterial pressure therefore the afterload of ventricles increases, over…