World Civ 2. Final Exam

Front 1

E. Chadwick

Back 1

Britain.
Used medical and sociological studies to argue relation of disease to filth, need for clean water supply and sewers, construction of water and sewage systems initiated in 1848, paralleled in US, France, Germany

Front 2

L. Pasteur

Back 2

Bacterial Revolution initiated by L. Pasteur.
Discovery of organisms causing fermentation and spoilage in 1857. Pasteurization circa 1865, vaccines against anthrax 1881, rabies 1885

Front 3

J. Lister

Back 3

Connected Pasteur's organisms in air with infections of compound fractures developed "antiseptic principal"
German surgeons extended this to sterilizing everything in operating rooms.

Front 4

R. Koch

Back 4

Theory of immunology and many bacteria, including tuberculosis. (research)

Front 5

Information card

Back 5

Chemistry: oxygen "discovered" by Joseph Priestly & A. Lavoisier
Periodic table devised by Mendeleyev
Motors by Farady
Light bulb by Edison
Internal combustion engine by Otto & Daimler
Airplane by Wright Brothers

Front 6

Louisiana Purchase

Back 6

Doubled U.S. territory (1809)

Front 7

Early United States
(Progressions 1)

Back 7

Westward expansion with Appilacians to Mississippi by 1800
Steamboat 1809 Erie Canal 1825
Railroards 1830 more tranportation links
Sewing Machine 1836, changed farming and home... increased industry in northern states.

Front 8

Early United States
(Progression 2)

Back 8

Treaty with Britain and Gadsen Purchase from Mexico established boundaries of existing 48 states.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, forced slavery issue, as did immigration increase to free areas

Front 9

Early United States
(Progression 3)

Back 9

A. Lincoln elected 1861-65, brought Civil War, victory by the North.

1865- Ended slavery, was normally over 'states rights' and powers of federal vs. state governments... BUT 'de facto' over slavery.
North sought no extension of slavery while south feared eventual constitution prohibition

Front 10

Homestead Act

Back 10

160-acre (.25 miles) parcel of government land could be claimed by living on it and improving it over 5 years.

Front 11

Land Grant
(morill act)

Back 11

Gave federal lands to states to fund colleges to teach "useful subjects" (engineering, agriculture)

Front 12

Early United States
(Progression 4)

Back 12

1870-1914: rapid population growth, westward expansion supported by transportation increase. 1st transcontinental rail line created 1868

Reconstruction failed to address problems of south, left blacks segregated disadvantage. 'Plessy vs. Ferguson' ...'seperate but equal'

Front 13

Early United States
(Progression 5)

Back 13

U.S. recongnized as World power after Spanish American War (t. roosevelt pres.)
Panama Canal enabled expansion in Pacific/
Manufacturing and Agriculture helped U.S. be a power

Front 14

U.S "Melting Pot"

Back 14

Immigration from Western Europe, then East and South Europe.
14 million 1860-1900
another 14 million 1900-1914
...Ameridians forced onto reservations as ward form government.

Front 15

Boer War

Back 15

(South Africa) 1899-1902
Pushed Britain out of "splendid isolation" into alliances with Japan, 1902, and France, 1904

Front 16

War in Balkans over the European remains in Ottoman Empire... did what?

Back 16

Set stage for WWI

Front 17

German Schlieffan Plan

Back 17

swift, massive invasion of France through Belgium to knock France out of the war, then attack Russia.
1914- Poorly executed Schleiffan Plan stopped by British and French at 1st Battle of Marne race to the sea"

Front 18

Armistice at Brest-Litovsk

Back 18

Germany initiated unlimited submarine warfare to cut off Britain, bringing U.S. into war; Russia collapsed in revolution, signed "armistice at Brest-Litovsk" ending eastern front.

Front 19

Bolsheviks did what?

Back 19

reorganized military, nationalized farming and manufacturing, instituted reign of terror, gained complete control over Russia 1918-20

Front 20

Versailles Treaty

Back 20

negotiated by W. Wilson of U.S., D. Lloyd-George of Britain, G. Clemenceau of France

included highly puntative terms for Germany, attempt to establish self-determination in eastern Europe based on nationalism, formation of League of Nations.

Wilson refused to modify treaty to meet objection tha League of Nations provisions overrode Congressional right to declare war; U.S. Senate defeated ratification; U.S. neither joined League of Nations nor accept defensive alliances.

Front 21

WWI innovations:

Back 21

machine gun, long-range artillery, airplane, submarine, poison gas, tank

Front 22

WWI casualties:

Back 22

estimated 20,000,000 dead- had major impact on participants, notabaly Britain, where it was widely believed they "lost the brightest and best"

Front 23

Republic at Ankara

Back 23

Turkish nationalists under Kemal Ataturk, organized Republic at Ankara

Gained recognition with treaty at Lausanne, extensive modernism, end of religiously structured society.

Front 24

Balfour Deceleration

Back 24

Palestine
That it would be a Jewish homeland opposed by Arabs, despite condition of no displacement. British protectorate under League of Nations, with limited Jewish immigration.

Front 25

Mohandas Gandhi

Back 25

Returned to India from South Africa, led non-violence movement to gain independence.

Front 26

"Long March"

Back 26

Communists under Mao Zedong, organized soviets in Southern China seeking peasant-based Marxist revolution, Made "Long March" to Shensi Province.

Front 27

Great Depression
(Asia)

Back 27

1929
Reduced Japanese trade with major negative impact on economy; solution by military conquest to secure raw materials and markets appealed to army officers and ultra-nationalists who gained political control; initiated conquest of Manchuria, war with China

Front 28

Weimar Republic

Back 28

Search for peace and political stability after WWI, badly designed and poorly executed: harsh peace terms handicapped Germany's Weimar Republic; U.S. isolationism hobbled League of Nations.

Front 29

Dawes Plan

Back 29

Germany bordered on anarchy, civil war, currency expansion to pay reparations generated ruinous inflation that destroyed economy, economic recovery enabled by "Dawes Plan" financing revised reparations by private U.S. loans, fairly successful and progressing.

Front 30

Wall Street Crash

Back 30

Great Depression initiated by "wall street crash" extensive margine purchase of stocks resualted in called loans. Federal reserve tightened money supply; rapid and extensive fall in credit impacted U.S. and Europe, exacerbated and continued by high tariffs on all sides.

Front 31

President F.D. Roosevelt "New Deal"

Back 31

To revive U.S. Economy by government spending: construction programs including Works Progress Administation, farm subsides, federal deposite insurance, minimum wage, National Labor Relations Act, social security, attempts to control production; not successful in ending depression, WWII did that

Front 32

Authoritarianism

Back 32

Sought to control basic political machinery, ensured continued control by ruling groups, but did not extend control to all aspects of life.
Poland under Pilsudski, Hungary, Yugoslavia, were examples in 1930s

Front 33

Totalitarianism

Back 33

"radical revolt against liberalism" dictatorships sought to control all aspects of life government, business, labor, press arts, no individual rights, total mass commitment to state.

totalitarianism left and right: left effectively abolished private property, right maintained it. Both versions of totalitarianism sought social unity through propaganda of all types, enforced commitment through terror.

Front 34

Stalin

Back 34

Communist Party, seized power through his position. "revolution in one country"

Front 35

5-Year Plans

Back 35

Steel production increased 500% 25,000,000 moved into urban areas, new cities built, major investment at cost of decline in standard of living.

Front 36

Collectivization

Back 36

forced consolidation of farms, resisted by many peasants. "kulaks"- any resiting collectivization-- killed or shipped to Siberia for re-education. resulting collapse of agriculture overcome by heavy investment and mechanization- but estimated 10,000,000 dies of of starvation.

Front 37

What glorified Stalin and Russia?

Back 37

Newspapers
Party LIne

Constant propoganda through art music, drama, literature, and "newspapers" glorified Stalin and Russia. Education included Communist indoctrination; "party line" enforced in military by political officers in all units; religion prohibited.

Front 38

Italy; Mussolini
(Dictatorships Fascist Style)

Back 38

Organized Fascist party, appointed premire distoral powers. ruled by decree, ended press freedom, abolished independent labor unions, but left business, army, landowners in place.

Front 39

National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP/Nazis)
(Dictatorships Fascist Style)

Back 39

Reorganized under A. Hitler, became mass movement, using propaganda, mass rallies, with speakers defended bu Schtutztaffle opposition intimidated by Sturmabteilung

Front 40

Nazi main thesis:
(Dictatorships Fascist Style)

Back 40

1. Germany betrayed in 1918.
2. socialists and communists continuing the betrayal as agents of international Jewry.
3. Establish a pure Aryan state and race and gain living room so this select group can lead world to new heights.

Front 41

Enabling Act

Back 41

Authorized under Germany's "Weimar Constitution" gave Hitler right to rule by decree and claim constitutional legitimacy; Hitler named Reichs-chancellor

Front 42

How did WWII begin?

Back 42

With Japans Invasion of China

Front 43

Winston S. Churchill

Back 43

WWII
Bristish Prime Minister, led Britain agaisnt Germany despite likely defeat and sympathy for negotiated peace when he took office "I have nothin got offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.. what is out policy? to wage war... what is our aim? victory at all costs.

Front 44

Battle of Britain

Back 44

German bombing raids on Royal Air Force bases, then English cities.

Front 45

Battle of Atlantic

Back 45

German submarine campaign attempted to cut off Britain. 752 German Subs, Won by U.S.- Britain convoy strategy

Front 46

Holocaust

Back 46

6,000,000 Jews, 2,000,000 others exterminated in concentration camps. Polands Jewish population, largest in prewar Europe, effectively eliminated

Front 47

Marshall Plan

Back 47

U.S. offered aid through "Marshall plan" requirement that participants join European Economic Community unacceptable to Russia, so Stalin refused participation.

Front 48

de-Stalinization

Back 48

Russia; de-Stalinization under Krushchev after death of Stalin. relaxed totalitarianism: forced labor camps reduced; policy of peaceful co-existence implemented. more production of consumer goods. some improvement in Russian life.

Front 49

Examples of U.S. Civil Rights

Back 49

Supreme Court "Brown vs. Board of education" ended "separate but equal"
Prohibiting Jim Crow Laws
Civil Rights Act adopted.

Front 50

"Space Race"

Back 50

Initiated by Russian satellite, U.S. space prgram pushed forward under Kennedy and Johnson, with landing on moon 1969

Front 51

F. Castro

Back 51

Cuban Revolution under Castro. threatened communist expansion in Americas. attempted invasion of Cuba by Anti-Castro forces poorly supported by U.S. at Bay of Pigs a disaster.