Women And Gender Studies Final

Front 1

Collins "Toward a New Vision: Race, Class and Gender..."

Back 1

- "both/and" categories (Simultaneous and linked)
- Plantation model
- Institutional, Symbolic (stereotypes linked with people), Individual

Front 2

Glenn "The social Construction and Institutionalization of gender and race"

Back 2

- Thesis: Our society is divided into hierarchically ranked groups. Loss in privilege of some directly linked to gain in privilege of others.
- Race and Gender are not totally biological or totally constructed
- constantly shifting categories
- binary white vs. colored
- category is important for control!

Front 3

Gomez "The Event of Becoming"

Back 3

- "We are not single issue people, so why would we put ourselves into single issue groups?"
- Culture reinforces the reduction of identity

Front 4

Linguistic Sexism

Back 4

when language devalues a particular sex (i.e. universal “man” to mean human)

Front 5

Semantic Derrogation

Back 5

when a term that is originally neutral obtains a negative connotation (i.e. mistress, spinster)

Front 6

Reflection Hypothesis

Back 6

assumption that media reflects societal values
- we influence the media

Front 7

Role Learning Theory

Back 7

sexist and racist images in the media have social ramifications because media acts as a role model and societal values stem from media
- media influences us

Front 8

Postmodernist Feminist Theory on Media

Back 8

emphasizes the interplay between media and personal agency, media must resonate with viewers, but also can exaggerate and simplify. Has a dimension of social construction.
- people dont always internalize things

Front 9

McPhee
"A Mothers Name"

Back 9

- story of Italian woman
- Demeans father to pass mothers name onto son
- Connection between names and identities for women is nonexistent because women are assumed to lose name when they marry
- Husband seen as a "saint" because of it

Front 10

Popovic
"The Game of the Name"

Back 10

- easy for women to change name after marriage but not for men
- Institutional discrimination

Front 11

Clute
"No Girls Allowed"

Back 11

- People who don't work out hard a "girls"
- animalistic language - girls are subordinate to "man"
- Clute is an equal opportunity offender by referring to men as "girls" as well

Front 12

"Misogyny and Double Standards"
Generation M

Back 12

- Rap culture: popular to trash women
- 200,000 rape cases anually, 1 in 6 women will be sexually harassed
- Deeply rooted acceptance of sexism
- Grand Theft Auto, Eminem

Front 13

Coates
"Conversatinal Dominance in Mixed Talk"

Back 13

- Conversational dominance: to hold power by not following rules of conversation – no overlap, no gaps, turn taking
- Rule breaking: hogging the floor
- Gender trumps social status when it comes to dominance
- Stereotype of chatty women has effect of silencing women, what they have to say is unimportant
- Women work harder to keep conversation going (i.e. positive attention), women do “conversational shitwork”

Front 14

Martin
"The Egg and the Sperm"

Back 14

- Language in science shapes scientific reality
- Many texts refer to fertilization like a fairytale, which has repercussions (abortion)
- Female reproduction seen as wasteful
- sometimes even don't tell whole truth in order to keep gender roles

Front 15

Structural Diversity Model of Families

Back 15

- framework for understanding families that focuses on the changing dynamics of race, class and gender as they influence family forms
- need to start considering family forms outside the nuclear family

Front 16

Family and Medical Leave Act (Clinton)

Back 16

- Three months of leave without risk of losing job
- unpaid

Front 17

Hochschild
"The Second Shift"

Back 17

- Women do most of the housework
- lightning rod for tension in couples
- Leisure gap
- Couples should share responsibilities
- Men try to suppress womanly part of themselves
- Solutions: Men move into domestic sphere and women start to work

Front 18

Coontz
"The American Family"

Back 18

- People are nostalgic about the past (1950s) when in reality it was not a perfect time
- all relative
- "Censorship, coercion, discrimination"
- Fear that families are going downhill but in reality, they are just becoming more diverse
- institutions havent changed, however

Front 19

Gonnerman
"The Unforgiven"

Back 19

- Shelley Hendrickson
- Those with more money get better lawyers
- institutions disadvantage women
- Why dont you just leave?
(Increased violence, dependence, isolation)

Front 20

Kimmel
"Gender of Violence"

Back 20

- Why is violence so present in men..
(public display, socialized to violence)
- US has highest rape incidence rate
- solution...curb gender inequalities (symptom vs. disease)

Front 21

Sin by Silence

Back 21

- California Institute for Women
- Every 9 seconds a woman is beaten
- Convicted Women Against Abuse (CWAA)
- "Silence is a Killer"
- Need to reform judicial system (Battered Women Syndrome)

Front 22

Gender Segregation

Back 22

a pattern in which men and women are situated in different jobs in the labor force
- women are concentrated in jobs such as RN's, librarians etc

Front 23

Internal Gender Segregation

Back 23

Within occupations, women and men are often separated into different spheres
- In the field of education, women are 98% of preschool and kindergarten teachers but only 46% of college and university teachers

Front 24

Overt Discrimination

Back 24

o Not paying someone an equal wage because of gender, race, sexuality etc.
o Banned by Title VII of Civil Rights Bill

Front 25

Covert Discrimination

Back 25

Institutional Bias

Front 26

Human Capital Theory

Back 26

- assumes that, in competitive economic systems, wage differences reflect differences in human capital
- Differences in pay reflect differences in productivity. Thus, women are less productive

Front 27

Dual Labor Market

Back 27

- Primary vs secondary labor markets
o The idea that where people work is more indicative of economic status than what their characteristics are

Front 28

Welfare Reform

Back 28

-Total lifetime cap of 5 years
- must find job within 2 years of getting on welfare

Front 29

Equal Pay Act

Back 29

o “first federal legislation enacted requiring equal pay for equal work.”
o equal interpreted as identical (if guy and girl not doing exactly the spme people still find justification)

Front 30

Comparable Worth

Back 30

“Paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving comparable levels of skill.”

Front 31

Feiner
"How to Think Like a Feminist Economist"

Back 31

- Taxes hit Women Harder
- Economics does not recognize gender asymmetry
- payroll taxes hit women hardest, regressive

Front 32

Why Do we have wage gap

Back 32

hiring, promotion and pay (discrimination)
sexual harassment (job turnover)
occupational segregation
taxing motherhood (poverty)
undervaluing women workers

Front 33

Who is Affected by the Wage Gap

Back 33

- Gap increased with age
- Highest discrepency = professionals
- African American women = 68 cents to mans dollar and Hispanics = 57 cents

Front 34

Ideas for Improvement (Crittendon)

Back 34

- paid maternity leave
- true economic unity with social security
- childcare
- Unpaid household labor added to GDP

Front 35

Zones "Beauty Myths and Realities and Their Impact on Women's Health"

Back 35

- Costs of Beauty: cosmetic surgery, weight loss etc
- social pressures
- women more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety (12 years old these rates start rising)
- eating disorders
- young and white = ideal
- large market around it

Front 36

Half the Sky

Back 36

- Fistulas
- female, poor, rural
- one maternal death per minute
- midwives - important
- ireland is the safest place to give birth

Front 37

Idealized Beauty
Genderation M

Back 37

- Television was introduced to women in Fiji - cult of thinness
- 444% increase in cosmetic surgery
- don't do it for male attention, do it because of society

Front 38

Stiritz
Cultural Cliteracy

Back 38

- What an adequately educated person should know about the clitoris
- clitoris as target of aggression (mutilation)
- Women's liberation expanded anatomical representations of the clitoris
- consciousness of clitoris empowers women

Front 39

Collins
Black Sexual Politics

Back 39

- black sexuality is wild and savage (makes them subordinate and less than human compared to whites)
- target of aggression
- they live in a sexual society dealing with sexual repression

Front 40

Lorde
Uses of the Erotic

Back 40

Erotic "the personification of love in all its respects"
- often confused with pornography, which actually belittles women
- The erotic is liberating for women and scary for men

Front 41

Griswold v Connecticut

Back 41

- made birth control lgal to married people, 1972

Front 42

Roe v Wade

Back 42

- 1973 Abortion is made legal
- 1st trimester - everyone has right
- 2nd trimester - states can pass laws restricting but cannot deny
- 3rd trimester - only to preserve health of mother

Front 43

From Midwives to Obstetrics

Back 43

-- men took over the practice of giving birth
- unnecessary c sections for money
- see the body as a machine
- reproduction control is a facade for population control

Front 44

Fried
Abortion in the US - Legal but Inaccessible"

Back 44

- learnfare, workfare, bridefare, contraceptive fare, minorfare
- Not very easy to get abortions
- stigma, threats, lack of knowledge

Front 45

Hyde Amendment

Back 45

prohibits federal Medicaid funding except in cases of life endangerment

Front 46

Half the Sky and Abortion

Back 46

- Global Gag rule = BAD
- need to encourage sex education, contraceptives, family planning
- will reduce aids and number of abortions

Front 47

Shapiro
Campus Rape Victims, A Struggle for Justice

Back 47

- 1 in 5 college women are sexually assaulted
- most stay quiet
- Colleges see their role as for education, not justice

Front 48

Clery Act

Back 48

forces schools to disclose all crime on campus, hasnt been enforced well

Front 49

A lack of consequences for sexual assault

Back 49

- in this story, a boy was only suspended for the summer semester
- despite other evidence he wasnt convicted for more
- in "he said she said" issues, he always wins
- Violators are protected
- emotional and physical affects on women

Front 50

Anderson
Sexual harassment, purely academic?

Back 50

- unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of unequal power
- Causes: learned modes of interaction, institutional causes (ratios, tolerance), societal
- cant get out

Front 51

Quid Pro Quo

Back 51

"This for that"

Front 52

Hostile environment

Back 52

unwanted sexual advances which create intimidating or hostile environment

Front 53

Contrapower harassment

Back 53

person with less power harassing someone with more power (student to teacher)

Front 54

Landis-Schiff
Sexual Harassment - Why Men Don't Understand It

Back 54

- Men and women define it differently
- control, Conquest, competition, climax, confusion
- intent vs. effect - men don't intend to sexually harass
- women's looks exert a power over them
- severe effects on women

Front 55

Sexual Assault Complications

Back 55

- alcohol
- people they know assualted them (date rape)
- dont consider it rape
- turn inward