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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Polis
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emerged, city-state, political & social urban center (Athens, early Rome)
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8th Century
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Homer
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Homer: 8th B.C. Greek epic poet, wrote the Illiad & the Odyssey
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8th BC
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Lycurgus
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Lycurgus: 7th B.C. Spartan leader, militarized the society, prohibited coinage
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7th BC
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Hoplites
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Hoplites: 7th B.C. changed warfare, no heroes, just lots of men, phalanx formation
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7th BC
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Cleisthenes
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Cleisthenes: 6th B.C. Athenian archon, reformed elections, introduced ostracism
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6th BC
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Cincinnatus
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Cincinnatus: 5th B.C. Roman Consul, appointed dictator for 6 months to defeat the Aequi
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5th BC
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Socrates
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Socrates: 5th B.C. Athenian philosopher, Plato's teacher, reexamine all assumptions
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5th BC
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Thucydides
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Thucydides: 5th B.C. Greek historian, wrote on war between Athens & Sparta
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5th BC
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Sophocles
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Sophocles: 5th B.C. Athenian, wrote /Oedipus at Colonus/, Greek tragedies
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5th BC
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Pericles
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Pericles: 5th B.C. Athenian leader, paid day's wages for assembly participants
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5th BC
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great: 4th B.C. king of Macedonia, conquered known world, founded Alexandria
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4th BC
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Aristotle
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Aristotle: 4th B.C. Athenian philosopher, Plato's student, happiness through virtue
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4th BC
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Plato
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Plato: 4th B.C. Athenian philosopher, wrote /Republic/, said smart "guardians" should rule
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4th BC
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Epicurus
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Epicurus: 4th B.C. Greek philosopher, pleasure & serenity of mind are best good
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4th BC
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Punic Wars
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Punic Wars: 3rd B.C. Rome vs. Carthage, 3 wars, Rome won, destroyed Carthage city in 146
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3rd BC
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Stoicism
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Stoicism: 3rd B.C. philosophy, founded by Zeno (Athenian), relative evil, no control
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3rd BC
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Zeno
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Zeno: 3rd B.C. Athenian, founded Stoicism, materialist, lack of control in world
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3rd BC
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Hannibal
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Hannibal: 3rd B.C. Carthaginian general, invaded Italy, defeated at Zama by Scipio
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3rd BC
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Polybius
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Polybius: 2nd B.C. Greek historian, national cycles of growth/decay, liked Rome (balance)
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2nd BC
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Gracci Borthers
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Gracchus Brothers: 2nd B.C. Roman tribunes, land law restricts large holdings
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2nd BC
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Marius
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Marius: 1st B.C. Roman general, eliminated property requirement for the army
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1st BC
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Pompey
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Pompey: 1st B.C. Roman general, conquered Syria & Palestine, defeated by Caesar
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1st BC
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Sulla
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Sulla: 1st B.C. Roman general, appointed dictator (unlimited term), retired 3 yrs later
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1st BC
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Augustus
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Augustus: 1st B.C. first Roman emperor, public services, tax/monetary reform
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1st BC
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Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar: 1st B.C. marched on Rome, became dictator, conquered Gaul, Julian calendar
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1st BC
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Cicero
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Cicero: 1st B.C. influential Roman Stoic, orator, and writer
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1st BC
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Nero
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Nero: 1st A.D. Roman emperor, popular w/masses, built "Golden House" and baths
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1st AD
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Tacitus
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Tacitus: 1st A.D. historian, wrote /Agricola/ & /Germania/, moral indictment of Rome
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1st AD
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Tiberius
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Tiberius: 1st A.D. Roman emperor, skilled administrator, problems w/Senate, angered elite
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1st AD
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Hardian
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Hadrian: 2nd A.D. Roman emperor, built wall in Northen Britain, defensive policy
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2nd AD
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Neoplatonism
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Neoplatonism: 3rd A.D. philosophy, founded by Plotinus, withdrawal from world, mysticism
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3rd AD
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Asceticism
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Asceticism: 3rd A.D. major Neoplatonic doctrine, emancipate soul, subjugate body
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3rd AD
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Augustine
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Augustine: 4th A.D. Bishop of Hippo, Christian intellect, human evils & good afterlife
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4th AD
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Constantine
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Constantine: 4th A.D. Roman emperor, Christian, instituted hereditary succession
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4th AD
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Justinian
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Justinian: 6th A.D. eastern Roman emperor, codified Roman law, tried recovering the west
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6th AD
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St. Benedict
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St. Benedict: 6th A.D. founded Benedictine Monks, Latin rule, poverty, chastity, etc.
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6th AD
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Clovis
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Clovis: 6th A.D. established Frankish royal dynasty (Merovingian), Catholic king
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6th AD
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Hegira/Hijrah
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Hegira/Hijrah: 7th A.D. Muslim migration with Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)
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7th AD
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Muhammad
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Muhammad: 7th A.D. founded Islam, moved w/followers to Yathrib (Medina) in the Hijrah
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7th AD
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Charles Martel
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Charles Martel: 8th A.D. Frankish king, consolidated Frankish state, beat Muslims at Tours
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8th AD
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Manorialism
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Manorialism: 9th A.D. decentralized govt, self-sufficient manors w/surrounding lands
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9th AD
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Charlemagne
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Charlemagne: 9th A.D. Frankish king, conquered Saxons & converted them, Roman emperor
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9th AD
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Gregory VII
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Gregory VII: 11th A.D. Pope, called on laity to help discipline their priests
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11th AD
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Investiture Controversy
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Investiture Controversy: 11th A.D., can a layman (Henry IV) appoint bishops/abbots?
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11th AD
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Battle of Hastings
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Battle of Hastings: 11th A.D. (1066) William's Normans defeated King Harold's English
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11th AD
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Henry IV
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Henry IV: 11th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, fought Saxons, finally abased himself to the Pope
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11th AD
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Frederick Barbarossa
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Frederick Barbarossa: 12th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, let German princes rule freely
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12th AD
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Henry II
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Henry II: 12th A.D. king of England, instituted grand juries, trial juries, procedures
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12th AD
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Richard I
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Richard I: 12th A.D. "Lionheart", helped lead the 3rd Crusade, able general
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12th AD
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St. Thomas Becket
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St. Thomas Becket: 12th A.D. Archbishop of Canterbury, killed by Henry II's knights
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12th AD
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St. Bernard of Clairvaux
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St. Bernard of Clairvaux: 12th A.D. Cistercian preacher/monk, asceticism
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12th AD
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Boniface VIII
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Boniface VIII: 13th A.D. pope, end of papal monarchy, many disputes with kings
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13th AD
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Dante
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Dante: 13th A.D. wrote Divine Comedy, expelled from Florence
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13th AD
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Dominicans
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Dominicans: 13th A.D. monastic order, fight heresy & convert Jews/Muslims
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13th AD
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Innocent III
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Innocent III: 13th A.D. Pope, summoned 4th Crusade (which failed miserably)
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13th AD
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John I
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John I: 13th A.D. English king, forced by barons to sign Magna Carta
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13th AD
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St. Francis of Assisi
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St. Francis of Assisi: 13th A.D. rich Italian gave away everything, founded Franciscans
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13th AD
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St. Francis of Assisi
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St. Francis of Assisi: 13th A.D. rich Italian gave away everything, founded Franciscans
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13th AD
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Frederick II
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Frederick II: 13th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, recovered Sicily & Jerusalem
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13th AD
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St. Thomas Aquinas
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St. Thomas Aquinas: 13th A.D. French Dominican, defended faith through reason
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13th AD
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Saint Louis IX
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Saint Louis IX: 13th A.D. French king, well loved, brought peace/prosperity to France
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13th AD
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Philip IV
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Philip IV: 13th A.D. French king, centralized govt, Estates General, reduced papal power
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13th AD
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Magna Carta
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Magna Carta: 13th A.D. document limited royal power in taxes, trials & law
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13th AD
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Chaucer
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Chaucer: 14th A.D. English writer, vernacular literature, Canterbury Tales, human comedy
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14th AD
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Crecy
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Crecy: 14th A.D. Hundred Years' War battle in 1346, outnumbered English beat French
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14th AD
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Edward III
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Edward III: 14th A.D. English king during successful campaigns in France in 100 yrs war
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14th AD
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Estates General
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Estates General: 14th A.D. French assembly, represented clergy, nobility, and populace
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14th AD
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Giotto
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Giotto: 14th A.D. Florentine naturalist painter, first to use perspective
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14th AD
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Hundred Years War
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Hundred Years War: 14th A.D. between France and England, succession of French throne
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14th AD
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Petrarch
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Petrarch: 14th A.D. Italian Renaissance humanist writer, sonnets, committed Catholic
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14th AD
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Black Death
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Black Death: 14th A.D. combined bubonic & pneumonic plagues, reduced populations
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14th AD
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Boccaccio
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Boccaccio: 14th A.D. realist, wrote vernacular prose on love, sex, humor, i.e. people
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14th AD
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Humanism
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Humanism: 15th A.D. Italian Renaissance ideal, study of Latin/Greek language/literature
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15th AD
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Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc: 15th A.D peasant girl, lead French army against British, series of victories
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15th AD
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Masaccio
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Masaccio: 15th A.D. Italian painter, began perspective/depth, "imitate nature"
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15th AD
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Cosimo de Medici
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Cosimo de Medici: 15th A.D. founded Platonic Academy in Florence
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15th AD
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci: 15th A.D. Florentine artist/engineer/inventor/etc., Mona Lisa
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15th AD
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Leonardo Bruni
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Leonardo Bruni: 15th A.D. civic humanist, writes on importance of Latin & Greek studies
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15th AD
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Calvin
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Calvin: 16th A.D. French protestant & lawyer, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
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16th AD
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Castiglione
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Castiglione: 16th A.D. wrote /The Book of the Courtier/, etiquette, "Renaissance man"
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16th AD
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Zwingli
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Zwingli: 16th A.D. Swiss Catholic priest, started reforms similar to Luther's, moderate
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16th AD
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Spanish Armada
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Spanish Armada: 16th A.D. sent to invade Britain, almost half lost, Protestants win
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16th AD
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Peace of Augsburg
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Peace of Augsburg: 16th A.D. "as the ruler, so the religion", legalized Lutheranism
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16th AD
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Francis Bacon
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Francis Bacon: 16th A.D. lord chancellor of England, "inductive method", experiments
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16th AD
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Charles V
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Charles V: 16th A.D. Holy Roman emperor during Luther & Henry VIII troubles
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16th AD
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Copernicus
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Copernicus: 16th A.D. Polish clergyman/astronomer, earth goes around the sun
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16th AD
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Council of Trent
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Council of Trent: 16th A.D. reaffirms all tenets challenged by Protestant reformers
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16th AD
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Edict of Nantes
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Edict of Nantes: 16th A.D. limited religious freedom to Huguenots, Henry IV of France
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16th AD
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Elizabeth I
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Elizabeth I: 16th A.D. English queen, Tudor, Elizabethan Compromise (marvel of obscurity)
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16th AD
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Erasmus
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Erasmus: 16th A.D. "prince of Christian humanists", popular writer, pacifist
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16th AD
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Habsburgs
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Habsburgs: 16th A.D. Catholic ruling family of Spain, Germany, and Austria
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16th AD
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Jesuits
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Jesuits: 16th A.D. founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, vanguard of Counter-Reformation
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16th AD
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Saint Ignatius Loyola
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Saint Ignatius Loyola: 16th A.D. founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), Counter-Reformist
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16th AD
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Martin Luther
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Martin Luther: 16th A.D. German monk, justification by faith, began Protestant Reformation
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16th AD
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Machiavelli
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Machiavelli: 16th A.D. Florentine political philosopher, necessity over morality/ideals
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16th AD
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Michelangelo
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Michelangelo: 16th A.D. Florentine painter (worked in Rome), Neoplatonic idealist
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16th AD
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Philip II
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Philip II: 16th A.D. Spanish king, launched Armada against England, lost the Netherlands
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16th AD
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St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre
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St Bartholemew's Day Massacre: 16th A.D. Paris, French Calvinists (protestants) killed
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16th AD
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Bodin
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Bodin: 16th A.D. French lawyer, reestablish state powers, maintain order, unlimited govt.
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16th AD
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Charles I
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Charles I: 17th A.D. English/Scottish king, Petition of Right (against him), civil war
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17th AD
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Junkers
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Junkers: 17th A.D. powerful landlords, gave up rights to govt participation in Prussia
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17th AD
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Locke
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Locke: 17th A.D. English writer/philosopher, Contract Theory of govt, natural law
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17th AD
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Colbert
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Colbert: 17th A.D. Louis XIV's mercantilist finance minister, joint-stock companies
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17th AD
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Cromwell
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Cromwell: 17th A.D. English, lead Independents, overthrew Charles I, became dictator
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17th AD
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Descartes
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Descartes: 17th A.D. one of founders of Scientific Revolution, "I think, therefore I am"
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17th AD
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Galileo
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Galileo: 17th A.D. Italian scientist, promoted Copernican heliocentric views
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17th AD
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Hobbes
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Hobbes: 17th A.D. English philosopher, absolute state power, bad view of human nature
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17th AD
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Louis XIV
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Louis XIV: 17th A.D. "the Sun King" of France, most effective royal absolutist
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17th AD
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Mercantilism
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Mercantilism: 17th A.D. direct govt intervention in economic policy, encouraged colonies
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17th AD
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Richelieu
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Richelieu: 17th A.D. French first minister, suppressed Huguenots, got in 30 Years War
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17th AD
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Newton
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Newton: 17th A.D. English scientist, invented calculus, worked w/optics, gravity, planets
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17th AD
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Pascal
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Pascal: 17th A.D. French moral philosopher, mathematician, made first calculator
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17th AD
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William III (of Orange)
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William III (of Orange): 17th A.D. English king in "Glorious Revolution", anti-Louis XIV
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17th AD
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Glorius Revolution
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Glorious Revolution: 17th A.D. William of Orange, political/religious freedom in England
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17th AD
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Gustavus Adolphus
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Gustavus Adolphus: 17th A.D. Lutheran Sweedish king, invaded Germany to fight Catholics
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17th AD
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Thirty Years War
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Thirty Years War: 17th A.D. Germany/France/England, originally Catholic v. Protestant
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17th AD
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James II
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James II: 17th A.D. King of England, catholic, tried to convert England, tried bishops
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17th AD
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Laissez Faire
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Laissez faire: 18th A.D. economic theory, small government, no interference in economy
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18th AD
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Louis XVI
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Louis XVI: 18th A.D. French king reestablished parlements, limiting monarchy's power
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18th AD
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Maria Theresa
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Maria Theresa: 18th A.D. Austrian empress, statewide primary education, taxed clergy
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18th AD
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Montesquieu
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Montesquieu: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment, wrote /Spirit of Laws/, checks & balances
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18th AD
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Beccaria
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Beccaria: 18th A.D. Enlightenment thinker/writer, rational ideals
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18th AD
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Cottage Industry
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Cottage Industry: 18th A.D. rural Europeans produced & sold wool products in their homes
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18th AD
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Diderot
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Diderot: 18th A.D. Enlightenment thinker and writer
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18th AD
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Hume
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Hume: 18th A.D. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and historian
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18th AD
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Philosophes
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Philosophes: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment thinkers (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, etc)
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18th AD
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Physiocrats
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Physiocrats: 18th A.D. Enlightenment economists, simple taxes, land wealth, laissez faire
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18th AD
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Robespierre
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Robespierre: 18th A.D. ruthless French radical leader, member of Committee of Public Safety
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18th AD
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Rousseau
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Rousseau: 18th A.D. French philosophe, popular sovereignty & democracy, govt from people
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18th AD
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Adam Smith
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Adam Smith: 18th A.D. Scottish Enlightenment economist, laissez faire, "invisible hand"
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18th AD
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Voltaire
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Voltaire: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment writer, guest at Frederick the Great's court
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18th AD
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