Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Edmund Burke
|
'Reflections on a Revolution in France' a conservative philosopher represented the old regime. he believed that the King should be the absolute monarch wrote the Reflection On the Revolution in France stating that he was against the revolution
When-1790 Where-Lived in Britain but reflected on things going on in France Why- He was fine with the ‘Status Quo’ or the existing estate of affairs in France and believed changes didn’t have to be made. If reforms were to be made, he thought that they should be discussed over a period of time so that the condition of the country wouldn’t worsen. Burke also argued that the ruling class shouldn’t be put on the back burner because they had been running the country for years and he thought they were doing a fine job. |
|
|
Thomas Paine
|
wrote The Rights of Man in response to Burke’s the Reflection On the Revolution in France
When- 1794 Where- France Why- In his work Paine talked about the benefits of the revolution and how these are important to the ideas of life, liberty, and property. Unlike Burke, Paine was never satisfied with the Status Quo. Paine was always pushing for more and demanded change and reform. One of Paine’s main arguments was that France was “governing beyond the grave.” This meant that France was following rules and regulations of rulers and kings who died long ago. Paine believed that those laws shouldn’t be applied during that time period because they didn’t relate to the current state of the country. Thus change was needed, and the only way for that to occur was through revolution. |
|
|
Romanticism
|
movement which influenced the arts. It was a movement against classicism and the Enlightenment. Romantics believed in the ideas of feeling freedom and natural goodness… many ides sparked from Rousseau
When-1770-1840’s Where-throughout Europe Why- This was a counter-enlightenment period. Romanticism believed in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in art and personal life. Art and music became very popular during this period of time. Beethoven- created some of the best romantic pieces. Romantics saw nature as a source of spiritual inspiration |
|
|
liberalism
|
always reacted to the status quo. Liberalist believed people are rational. ‘God gave humans reason so humans should use their reason to understand God.’ Liberalist believed that if people can improve then they should improve.
When-began in the early 1800’s around 1815 Where- throughout western Europe Why- Liberalist want reform but they want it more quickly that conservatives. A liberalist can be a conservative but someone who is conservative can’t be liberalist. Example of liberalist ideas is Paine’s The Rights of Man. Played a key role in starting revolutions during the 1800’s. Liberalism impacted the growth of German nationalism within the student movements of the period. |
|
|
nationalism
|
the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination
When- 1815-1850 Where- prominent in central and eastern Europe (Austria and German states) Why- it was successful in the long-run because the development of industrial and urban societies required better communication between individuals. These communication needs promoted the use of standardized national language and encompassed the entire population through mass education. Nation-states emerged during this time bec. Those who believed in nationalism wanted to create “imagine communities” or communities seeking to bind millions of strangers together to create a embracing national identity. Most ppl who believed in nationalism believed in liberalism or radical, democratic republicanism. |
|
|
Conservatism
|
people who were ok with the status quo. They wanted to follow the ideas of tradition, a hereditary monarchy, and a land owning aristocracy. Conservatives came up with the idea laissez-faire or let it be, with no need for reform. But if Reform had to be made it should be made over a long period of times.
When- began in the early 1800’s after the French revolution Why-followed Burke’s beliefs. Didn’t believe in radical change. The upper class was made up of conservatives because they liked things the way they were. |
|
|
Congress of Vienna
|
International settlement that after the Napoleonic era where each nation would look to “reconcile its vision of itself with the vision of other powers.”
When- 1814-1815 Where- Vienna, Austrian Empire Why- This was important because the powers didn’t want one nation to be so much stronger than the others. They wanted to balance out everything and go back to the way thing were before Napoleon 1789 . Although, most countries within Europe were invited to the conference it was the powers of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France that decided everything. Since the powers, at the time, didn’t think Prussia was strong they gave most of the territory to them because they believed that Prussia couldn’t do anything with it. Some believe that the 100 years following this was a peaceful time because no major wars occurred. However, there were wars throughout Europe during this period. The biggest downfall of the C of V was that in giving Prussia all the land they, first of got the biggest iron supply in Europe, and two were able to rally together to start the first WW. |
|
|
Metternich
|
was a German-Austrian politician and statesman. Played a role in negotiating the C of V.
When- 1773-1859 Where- Austria Why- During the C of V he pushed for a European balance of power to create an international equilibrium of power and military forces that would discourage aggression by any single state. Metternich signed the Holy Alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Russia because they were all afraid of the other. However, this alliance didn’t hold any real power. This was a unrealistic ideal for foreign policy because ppl weren’t going to deal with each other under good Christian morals when everyone was just looking for more land and power. In 1819 Metternich issued the Carlsbad Decrees which required the German states to root out radical ideas within universities. This was done so no revolution would occur. Metternich was a conservative defender of class and its privileges. |
|
|
Castlereagh
|
he was central to the management of the coalition that defeated Napoleon and was the principal British diplomat at the Congress of Vienna.
When- 1769-1822 Where- Great Britain Why- 1812 Britain could again weld an alliance with Russia, Prussia, and Austria against his restless domination. Castlereagh proposed that France be allowed the boundaries of 1792 but be contained by independent buffer states and by balanced Great Powers. C of V castlereagh played an important role. Was the main man in starting the Quadruple Alliance. He created just equilibrium" of the Great Powers, which would leave neither serious grievances nor prospect of easy gains to tempt resort to war, and in which the independence of the small states would be preserved. in 1818, Castlereagh and Wellington were able to secure agreement to bring France into the congress system, to end the occupation, and to reduce the French debt for private claims by 80 percent while reaffirming the alliance against French aggression. |
|
|
Talleyrand
|
French Statesmen and diplomat
When-1754-1838 Where- France Why- sided with revolutionist in 1789. And after France revolted he became foreign minister for Napoleon but they did not get along well. Talleyrand persuaded them to restore the Bourbons in the person of Louis XVIII, who made him foreign minister. He negotiated the first Treaty of Paris of May, 1814, by which France, despite the defeat, was granted the French borders of 1792. C of V he used the principle of "legitimacy," namely, the restoration of Europe to its prerevolutionary status, and shrewdly exploiting the dissension among the allies, he succeeded in taking part in the negotiations on equal terms with the principal victorious powers. This was important because France did not lose all it’s territory and did not diminish to second rate power. |
|
|
Alexander I
|
czar of Russia. Wrote holy alliance in 1815
When- 1777-1825 Where-Russia Why-came to power during the Napoleonic era. Was Russia’s rep. during the C of V but shouldn’t have been bec. He was a very ‘spiritual man.’ A woman caught his eye during the Congress and he was busy ‘worshiping’ with her during most of the meetings. Bec of this, Russia didn’t get as much territory as it probably could have during the congress. He also wrote the Holly Alliance… (explain alliance) |
|
|
Holy Alliance
|
written by czar Alexander I. Peace treaty between the three countries
When-1815 Where- between Russia, Prussia, Austria Why-This alliance made the rulers of these three countries answerable to God and accountable to each other as Christian brothers. The idea behind this treaty was to keep peace with the other countries and to lend aid to each other when it was needed. The reason Prussia and Austria signed this is because Alexander’s Russia held great power and they were afraid of what could possibly happen if they didn’t sign the Alliance. However, this alliance wasn’t very idealistic. At that time and even now, one can’t expect everyone to deal with each other as good Christian brothers because everyone was looking for power. |
|
|
Quintuple Alliance
|
came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain
When-1818 Where- europe Why- pledged to maintain the political system established at the Congress of Vienna. France was able to join when the Bourbon was restored because France had become respectable once again. These powers were the ones who look to keep peace and balance within Europe. |
|
|
Concert of Europe
|
was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon
When- 1815 – early 1900’s Where-Europe Why- made up of the members of the quadruple alliance. The Congress System's first primary objectives were to 1. contain France after decades of war 2. achieve a balance of power among Europe's great powers 3. uphold the territorial arrangements made at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815 and in doing so prevent the rise of another Napoleon-esque figure which would result in another continent-wide war. uphold the idea of legitimacy by putting the monarchy that Napoleon had driven out back on the throne This was relatively successful because there were no major wars against the great powers until the Crimean war 40 years after it was instated. However the C o E fell apart bec. of disagreements between the great powers, particularly between Britain and the countries with more conservative constitutions |
|
|
Carbonari
|
- “charcoal burners"[1]) were groups of secret revolutionary societies. They wanted to overthrow the Italian gov’t
When- early 19th century Where- italy Why- Carbonari sought to create a liberal, unified Italian, lower-class uprising. They were led by students from universities along with other intellectuals. Also included in their program was an anti-clerical movement. The Carbonari believed that priests should not have exclusive power in a church system. The Carbonari was responsible for many uprisings in Spain and in Italy. The Carbonari inspired many other revolutionary societies to rise up and rebel. Youthful student oriented. Wanted to unify Italy… Every effort failed and after their last effort failed moved into the origination of young Italy. |
|
|
Peterloo Massacre
|
when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 gathered at a meeting to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Over few hundred ppl injured and between 10-20 ppl killed
When- 18 August 1819 Where- Manchester, England Why- the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had resulted in periods of famine and chronic unemployment, exacerbated by the introduction of the first of the Corn Laws. poor economic conditions, coupled with the lack of suffrage in northern England, had enhanced the appeal of political radicalism. In response, the Manchester Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, organised a demonstration to be addressed by the well-known radical orator Henry Hunt. The ruling class called calvery to charge. Proganda against the higher classes. Showed the economic and social chasm between two classes. |
|
|
Charter of 1814
|
preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament, guaranteed civil liberties, proclaimed religious toleration, and acknowledged Catholicism as the state religion.
Where-France Why- Napoleon defeated. B4 he returns to power, the restored bourbons recognizes napoleon doesn’t want to go into exile or be decapitated. Too little for rev. and liberals. Too much for conservatives. |
|
|
Ultras
|
conservatives in France Charels was the leader of. They wanted to go back to the good old days and restore the bourbons.
|
|
|
Burschenschaft
|
Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas.
When- started in 1815 Where- German states Why- their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often Burschenschaften decided to stress the nationalist or the liberal ideas, leading by time to the exclusion of Jews, being considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all Burschenschaften were banned as revolutionary by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria when he issued the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees in 1819. |
|
|
Troppau Protocol
|
was a result of the uprising in Spain. consecrated the right of the great powers to intervene in the internal affairs of other states where revolution may threaten their rule or interests.
When- 19 November 1820 Where- Naples, Italy Why- Austria, Prussia, and Russia agreed to this policy and Great Britain did not agree to it. They were the major powers of Russia and wanted to mediate anything that could hurt the rest of Europe. The powers believed if they did not stop the revolutions that they would be their own country would be threatened by revolt. They justified their actions for making this by saying that if anyone violated the C of V they would intervene. |
|
|
Carlsbad Decrees
|
A list of laws, passed by Austria, governing the German student body through strict laws regarding revolutionary and nationalistic sentiments.
When: September 20, 1819 Where: Austrian Empire (conference that made decrees was held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia) Why: The Austrian Empire was extremely concerned with nationalist movements and revolutions because they knew how divided, culturally, Austria really was. These Decrees were a preemptive strike at potential nationalist revolutionaries which particularly centered around educated college students. |
|
|
Union of Salvation
|
Group partially responsible for the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 (partially because it split in two in 1820 and only the remaining radical half was responsible for the revolt).
When: 1816 – 1820 (Split) Where: Imperial Russia Why: The UoS wanted to abolish the monarchy, establish a republic and redistribute land: taking half into state ownership and dividing the rest among the peasants. |
|
|
Decembrist Revolt
|
Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
When: December 26, 1825 Where: Imperial Russia Why: Many opposed Nicholas’ ascension because of his non-revolutionary beliefs. Unfortunately, this lead to a revolt which had to be brutally put down (aka. Failed). |
|
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
This article written by the USA regarding the western power’s interference into the western sphere of power. European states are not to colonize anymore in the Americas, and the USA will not interfere with the internal arguments of the European powers.
When: December 2, 1823 Where: United States Policy (Washington D.C.) Why: The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain, and the United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies. *note: Many viewed this doctrine as unenforceable without Britain’s support* |
|
|
Volksgeist
|
“Spirit of the people”
When: early 1800s Where: This phrase was popular among German Nationalists Why: denotes the separate spiritual essences of the diverse nations that characterize the present stage of human history. It would be used to connect all the German people together, even though separated by states, because they have the same history and “spirit.” |
|
|
July Ordinances
|
were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X
When: July 9, 1830 Where: France Why: Charles saw a growing, manipulative radicalism in the elected government and he felt that, since he was king, it was his responsibility to care for the welfare of his people by restricting actions that might encourage rebellion. These ordinances of 26 July: • Suspended the liberty of the press • Appointed new, and what many considered reactionary, Conseillers d'Etat • Dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies • Reduced the number of deputies in future Chambers • Summoned new electoral colleges for September of that year • Withdrew the Deputies' right of amendment • Excluded the commercial middle class (aristocratic land owners) from future elections |
|
|
Orleanist
|
The Orléanists were a French conservative political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution.
When: Had power from 1830 – 1870 Where: France |
|
|
July Monarchy
|
Louis Philippe was elected by the landed gentry to serve as a revolutionary replacement of Charles X. Philippe lacked popular support with the rest of the population, and eventually the july monarchy collapsed.
|
|
|
Reform Bill of 1832
|
The revolutionary bill which was passed at the behest of the king, who forced the hand of the House of Lords by threatening to promote more Lords till the bills passing.
|
|
|
G. Mazzini
|
Leader of Young Italy
|
|
|
Young Italy
|
A revolutionary liberal group, generally made up of educated university students, which was run/started by G. Mazzini and took place in Italy (obviously)
|
|
|
“Bloody June Days”
|
a brief and bloody civil uprising in Paris in the early days of the Second Republic
When: June 23–26, 1848 Where: Paris, France Why: The new government instituted numerous radical reforms, but the new assembly, composed mainly of moderate and conservative candidates, was determined to cut costs and end risky experiments such as public works programs to provide for the unemployed. Thousands of Parisian workers—suddenly cut off from the state payroll—were joined by radical sympathizers and took to the streets in spontaneous protest. |
|
|
Louis Napoleon
|
Elected (1808 – 1873) as the executive of the Second French Republic. After his term expired, he stayed in office and created the Second Empire of Napoleon III
|
|
|
Chartist Movement
|
A very vocal and outspoken group which believed that: all men should be able to vote, that elected officials would be paid in office, there should be an even draw in territories.
|
|
|
Anti-Corn Law League
|
The aim of the league was the abolition of the Corn Laws
When: 1838 Where: Manchester, British Isles Why: Generally, factory and industrial collaborates who disliked the rise in food prices, due to tarrifs, because it raised the amount that they would have to pay their employees. |
|
|
Frankfurt Assembly
|
Was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany.
When: May 18, 1848 - May 31, 1849 Where: the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main (un-united German state) Why: Its existence was both part and result of the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederacy. It was charged with creating a Constitution that would build a Federal, Liberal, and unified Germany. |
|
|
Realpolitik
|
refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic premises. German study of power politics: the manipulation of either yours or another power’s leverage to promote one’s own agenda.
|
|
|
Humiliation of Olmutz
|
was a treaty between Prussia and Austria where Prussia abandoned the potential leadership position over Germany Confederation and accepted Austrian leadership instead.
When: November 29, 1850 Where: Austria Why: Austria, with the backing of Russia, had gained enough political power to deny Prussia from its intended negotiations with the German Confederation. Prussia had no choice and no concessions, therefore it was later viewed as an embarrassment. |
|
|
Grossdeutsch
|
Refers to the idea of a large German state including Austria
Where: This was an idea that was tossed around during the Frankfurt Assembly especially, while they were trying to come up with a solution or means of uniting Germany When: mid-1800s Why: This ideology decided to offer Austria the chance to become a piece of the united Germany. They offered the King of Austria emperor-hood over the German states, but he would not have it (“pigs crown”) |
|
|
Kleindeutsch
|
Refers to the idea of a small German state without Austria
Where: This was an idea that was tossed around during the Frankfurt Assembly especially, while they were trying to come up with a solution or means of uniting Germany When: mid-1800s Why: This ideology’s purpose was to unite Germany without any interference from the other European powers. |
