Vett 216 Clinical Pathology 3 Exam 1

Front 1

Stratefied squamous (keratinized) cells are found in the:

Back 1

epidermis

Front 2

T or F. Neoplasia refers to any abnormal growth of cells and can be benign or malignant.

Back 2

True.

Front 3

The Term that describes an increase in cell size is:

Back 3

Hypertrophy

Front 4

The compartment within the cytoplasm that can serves excretory, secretory, and storage functions is?

Back 4

vacuole

Front 5

What techniques are used to collect cells for cytology?

Back 5

FNA, swab, scrapings

Front 6

The cell structure that house the genetic code is -

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nucleus

Front 7

The bones, joint cartilage, tendons, and ligaments blood and fat are all examples of what?

Back 7

connective tissue

Front 8

Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues are commonly called what?

Back 8

carcinomas

Front 9

What is the process of cell division in animals called?

Back 9

mitosis

Front 10

Where can vacuoles be seen?

Back 10

In the cytoplasm

Front 11

What term describes a variation in the size of cells of the same type?

Back 11

Anisocytosis

Front 12

What type of cell extension lines the intestines andother areas of the body?

Back 12

microvilli

Front 13

What is the procees called where certain WBC engolf and destroy bacteria?

Back 13

Phagocytosis

Front 14

What term describes a significant variation in the size of the nucleus of cells of the same general type?

Back 14

anisokaryosis

Front 15

What cell structure is located in the nucleus and plays an important role in the formation of ribosomes?

Back 15

Nucleolus

Front 16

What term describes a decrease in cell size?

Back 16

atrophy

Front 17

Body cavity fluids classified based on what?

Back 17

Cell count and protein content

Front 18

T or F. Transudate effusions are always cloudy.

Back 18

False.

Front 19

What are the characteristics of a properly prepared cytology slide?

Back 19

thin area of smear, intact cells, individual cells persent

Front 20

____is an accumulation of dead leukocytes and tissue debris at the focal point of infection.

Back 20

pus

Front 21

What technique is useful in determining the estrus cycle stage?

Back 21

exfoliative cytology

Front 22

Cytology of a speciment that contains several neutriphils in fair to poor condition, bacteria, muccoid represents ____ process

Back 22

infectious

Front 23

when dealing with greasy/oily exudates, what is an important step prior to staining the slide?

Back 23

heat fix the slide

Front 24

The calavaria is:

Back 24

skull cap

Front 25

What is not as good a guide to fertility in a male dog?

Back 25

ejaculate volume

Front 26

In vaginal ccytology the epithelial cells that are predominant and define cytologic estrus are:

Back 26

superficial cells

Front 27

Other cells that can be seen on vaginal smears include:

Back 27

RBC, neutrophils, foam cells

Front 28

What stage of canine estrous will the female accept the male?

Back 28

estrus

Front 29

Stage of the estrous cycle where estrogen decrease and progesterone increase with 90% of cells being superficial is:

Back 29

Estrus

Front 30

Why must a necropsy be performed as soon as possible after death?

Back 30

decompostiion occurs rapidly and can render tissues unfit for analysis

Front 31

T or F. When a patient is euthanized it is critical to record the exact time of death and give to the person performing the necropsy?

Back 31

True.

Front 32

Why are special tools designated for necropsy?

Back 32

To avoid the spread of pathogens

Front 33

T or F. Collection of samples for anaerobic culture on regular swabs and tubes is completely useless.

Back 33

true.

Front 34

Staphylococci shape and arrangement are :

Back 34

clusters of cocci

Front 35

Malassezia and Dermatophytosis are caused by:

Back 35

fungi

Front 36

Anthrax can remain in the environment for long periods of time because of the development of:

Back 36

endospores

Front 37

Potassium hydoxide preparation (KOH) is used to diagnosis:

Back 37

fungal infections

Front 38

The virology test performed in a diagnostic lab which requires 2 specimens collected 2-3 weeks apart is:

Back 38

serology - paired serum samples

Front 39

The study of fungi is:

Back 39

mycology

Front 40

Parvo and Pankeukopenia are caused by:

Back 40

viruses

Front 41

What are the genera that cause ringworm infections in humans and animals?

Back 41

Microsporum and Trichopyton

Front 42

The microbes produced by budding, sporing and fragmentation are:

Back 42

fungi

Front 43

T or F. Viral specimens should be refrigerated when possible because virus titers decrease as temperatures increase.

Back 43

true

Front 44

What is the range in human cell diameters?

Back 44

10-30

Front 45

Briefly describe the functions of the nucleus and the nucleoli

Back 45

Nucleus: control center of brain of the cell. Primary functions are to maintain hereditary information of the species and to control cellular activities through protein synthesis. Nucleoli: places in the nucleus where ribosomal units are made.

Front 46

define phagocytosis:

Back 46

destruction by phagocytes: the engulfing and ingesting of foreign particles or waste matter by phagocytes

Front 47

Define mytosis:

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cell division: the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each of which has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Front 48

Define apoptosis:

Back 48

necessary death of cells: a form of cell death necessary to make way for new cells and to remove cells whose DNA has been damaged to the point at which cancerous change is liable to occur

Front 49

Define necrosis:

Back 49

tissue death: the death of cells in a tissue or organ caused by disease or injury.

Front 50

Define neoplasia:

Back 50

formation of tumors: the formation or existence of tumors

Front 51

Briefly describe the 4 distinct phases of mitosis

Back 51

Interphase: cells makes a copy of its DNA and another pair of centromeres.
Prophase: Chromatin strands coil and condense forming chromosomes attached to a central kinetochore. Nuclear envelope distingrates and spindle apparatus forms.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in center of spindle. Centromere of each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber. Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, forming duplicate sets of chromosomes. Cytoplasm constricts at the metaphyseal plate.
Telophase: Chromatin unravels at the poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reappears. Cytokinesis is end of telophase.

Front 52

Atropy

Back 52

Decrease in cell size.

Front 53

Hypertrophy

Back 53

Increase in cell size

Front 54

Hyperplasia

Back 54

Increased rate in cellular production

Front 55

Dysplasia

Back 55

Change in shape, size or organization of cells in tissue.

Front 56

Benign

Back 56

not life-threatening: not a threat to life or long-term health, especially by being noncancerous

Front 57

Malignant

Back 57

non-encapsulated tumors that tend to spread to other parts of the body.

Front 58

Neoplasm

Back 58

abnormal growth of cells.

Front 59

Metastasis

Back 59

migration of malignant cells by way of lymphatic or blood tissues.

Front 60

biopsy

Back 60

removal and examination of living tissue

Front 61

Carcinogens

Back 61

agents that cause genetic activity that causes abnormal cell growth.

Front 62

Tumor

Back 62

abnormal growth of cells, neoplasm

Front 63

Histology

Back 63

the science dealing with “the structure of organ tissues, including the composition of cells and their organization into various body tissues”.

Front 64

List the types of Connective Tissue

Back 64

Connective Tissue Proper (loose connective and dense connective). Specialized Connective Tissue (blood bone and cartilage)

Front 65

Define the term tissue and identify the four principal tissue types. List the functions of each

Back 65

Definition: cells of similar type and function are clustered into layers, sheets, or groups.
Epithelial Tissue: covers and lines.
Connective Tissue: provides support.
Muscle Tissue: enables movement.
Nervous Tissue: controls work.

Front 66

What are the 7 important functions of epithelial tissue?

Back 66

? 1. Protects covers and lines, 2. Filters biochemical substances; 3. Absorbs nutrients; 4. Provides sensory input; 5. Manufactures secretions, 6. Manufactures excretions. 7. Interface layer that defines beginning and ending of different types of tissue.

Front 67

Necrotic

Back 67

death of a particular portion of tissue

Front 68

Edema

Back 68

an abnormal accumulation of fluid, either localized or generalized, within the tissues or cavities of the body.

Front 69

Biopsy

Back 69

removal and examination of living tissue.

Front 70

Effusion

Back 70

excess fluid that has escaped into a body cavity to the detriment of normal body function.

Front 71

List the subgroups of neoplasms depending on the tissue in which they originate. Group these under benign and malignant

Back 71

Benign: Epithelial Tumors: papilloma, adenoma, nevus. Connective Tumors: lipomas, oesteoma, condroma. Malignant Epithelial Tumors: melanoma, adenocarcinoma. Connective: Lymphoma, oesteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma. Nerve Tumor: enuroblastoma. Connective and Epithelial: adenofirbomas (benign).

Front 72

Mitotic figures

Back 72

the condensed chromosomes by which a cell that is undergoing mitosis can be identified

Front 73

Coarse chromatin pattern

Back 73

coarser than normal and may appear ropy or cordlike

Front 74

Pleomorphism

Back 74

different forms in life cycle: the characteristic in some organisms of taking on at least two different forms during the life cycle, or the ability to do this

Front 75

Anisokaryosis

Back 75

inequality in the size of the nuclei of cells.

Front 76

Karyosis

Back 76

rapid cell death

Front 77

Pyknosis

Back 77

is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

Front 78

Karyorrhexis

Back 78

the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm

Front 79

Karolysis

Back 79

: the complete dissolution of the chromatin matter of a dying cell due to the activity of DNase.

Front 80

Nucleoli

Back 80

A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell

Front 81

Anisocytosis

Back 81

cells are of an unequal size.

Front 82

Hyperplasia

Back 82

An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue

Front 83

Learn the steps involved in making a general cytologic diagnosis

Back 83

Begin neoplasia: hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells. Malignancy: 3 of more nuclear criteria of malignancy are present.

Front 84

Can you rule out a malignant tumor just based on cytology? Why?

Back 84

. No. The sample form the FNA may not have hit the “hot” or cancerous cells.

Front 85

Can you differentiate between benign neoplasias and hyperplasia using cytology alone?

Back 85

No, distinction must be made histologically.

Front 86

Microscopy: Please list how you should evaluate a cytologic sample (from start to finish)

Back 86

Slide preparation, scanning slide for a neoplastic area, identify the tissue origin and evaluate the cells for malignant charactertisitics.

Front 87

Is Nuclear Criteria of malignancy more important the Cytoplasmic Criteria? Why?

Back 87

Yes. Generally the specimen is identified when 3 or more nuclear criteria for malignancy are found. It is the basis for the diagnosis.