U.s. History Midterm Review

Front 1

Colonia Era:
Mayflower Compact/
New England Town Meetings
Virginia House of Burgesses

Back 1

Self-government/
Early steps in the development of representative democracy

Front 2

Colonial Era:
What was MERCANTILISM?

Back 2

System in which Britain grew wealthy by controlling trade with the colonies. The colonies supplied raw materials, Britain sold manufactured goods to the colonies.

Front 3

Results of French and Indian War:

Back 3

Britain gets Canada, France is out;
Britain went into debt--> to make $, new taxes on colonies (end of period of Salutary Neglect)

Front 4

What was the main cause of American Revolution?

Back 4

Colonists' resentment of British taxes (like Stamp Act; tax on tea --> Boston Tea Party)- "No taxation Without representation"

Front 5

American Revolution:
Began at?
Turning point battle?
Final battle?

Back 5

Battle of Lexington and Concord;
Battle of Saratoga (American victory convinced France to fight on our side);
Battle of Yorktown

Front 6

American Revolution:
Who urged the colonies to seek independence from Britain?

Back 6

Thomas Paine

Front 7

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE:
What did it do?
Who wrote it?
Whose ideas did he base it on?

Back 7

Stated the reasons for the American Rev.;
Thomas Jefferson;
John Locke's ideas (from the Enlightenment)- natural rights; govt's role is to protect rights- if it fails, people can change gov't

Front 8

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION:
What?
Who was more powerful- nat'l govt or states? Why?
Success or failure?

Back 8

Set up first form of gov't for US;
states more powerful- because our leaders feared a strong central gov't;
failure- nat'l govt was TOO weak (only success was Northwest Ordinance to organize new land in Ohio area)

Front 9

Constitutional Convention Compromises:
Great Compromise;
Three-Fifths Compromise

Back 9

Great Compromise- issue: representation in Congress- large states disagreed w/small states- settled by having bicameral legislature (2 houses: H of Reps- by population, and Senate- each state has 2 Senators;
3/5: for H of R's population count, slaves count as 3/5

Front 10

Principles of US Gov't in Const.:
separation of powers-
What is it?
Why?

Back 10

Gov't divided into 3 branches:
legislative-Congress-makes laws;
executive-Pres.-carries out laws;
judicial-Sup. Court-interprets laws.
Because we don't want one part of gov't to become too powerful

Front 11

Principles of Gov't in Const:
federalism-
What is it?
Why?

Back 11

division of gov't into federal/national level and state gov'ts level;
We don't want one part of gov't to become too powerful.

Front 12

Principles of Gov't in Const.:
Popular sovereignty-
What is it?

Back 12

majority rule; the power in our democracy is with the people

Front 13

Principles of Gov't in Const.:
checks and balances-
What is it?
Examples?

Back 13

Related to sep. of powers, it's how we make sure one branch does not become too powerful;
Pres. can veto bills passed by Cong.; Cong. can impeach Pres.; Sup. Ct. can rule a law is unconstitutional

Front 14

Ratification of Constitution (accepting it as law):
Who was for it?
To satisfy the people against it, what was added to the Constitution?

Back 14

Federalists;
Bill of Rights

Front 15

What is the Bill of Rights and what do they do?

Back 15

The first 10 amendments to the Const.;
They protect individual liberties (like freedom of speech, religion).

Front 16

What does the Elastic Clause in the Constitution do?

Back 16

Also known as the Necessary and Proper Clause, it extends the power of Congress.

Front 17

How does the Constitution continue to adapt to changing times?

Back 17

amendments (formal and informal);
Elastic Clause;
"unwritten constitution"- gov't practices that aren't mentioned in Const. but develop over time (example: political parties; the president's cabinet)

Front 18

Constitution: If we wanted to change the electoral college (our indirect way of electing the president that sometimes results in the candidate with fewer votes winning!), what do we need?

Back 18

a constitutional amendment

Front 19

Pres. George Washington:
What was his foreign policy when Britain was at war with France? What did he warn against in his Farewell?

Back 19

neutrality (we took no side);
He warned against getting involved in "entangling alliances."

Front 20

Pres. George Washington:
He set precedents.
What's that mean?

Back 20

Since he was our first pres. (there was no pres. under Arts. of Con.), he set examples for many later presidents to follow (ex: he didn't run for a 3rd term)

Front 21

Who was Alexander Hamilton and what did he do?

Back 21

As Secretary of the Treasury under Pres. Washington, he straightened out the country's economic mess. He had the nat'l gov't assume and pay off the states' debts. He also began the Nat'l Bank.

Front 22

Pres. John Adams:
What was XYZ Affair?

Back 22

France demanded bribes from US before even talking about dispute. We said "$millions for defense, not 1c for tribute."

Front 23

What were the first two political parties? Who/what about them?

Back 23

They formed because of disagreeement about Hamilton's financial plan and other states' rights issues.
FEDERALISTS: Hamilton; for wealthier people, favored Britain, for strong nat'l gov't, for loose construction.
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS: Jefferson; for common people, favored France; for weaker nat'l gov't; for strict construction

Front 24

Pres. John Adams:
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Back 24

laws that made it easy to deport immigrants and to jail people who criticized the government.

Front 25

Pres. Thomas Jefferson:
What was his greatest achievement?
Why did we want it and how did it affect size of country?
Who explored it?

Back 25

Louisiana Purchase; We needed control of Miss. River to ship goods; It doubled size of US; Lewis and Clark

Front 26

What is judicial review and what case established it?

Back 26

The power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional; Marbury v. Madison

Front 27

What did the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall do?

Back 27

Its decisions strengthened the power of the national (federal) government.

Front 28

What were causes of the War of 1812?

Back 28

British impressment of American sailors; British incitement of Native Americans to rise against American settlers in the West

Front 29

What was MANIFEST DESTINY?

Back 29

The belief that the US should extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It was used to justify Westward expansion.

Front 30

What are tariffs?
What is a protective Tariff?

Back 30

Taxes on imports;
Protective tariffs "protect" American manufacturers because they make foreign goods more expensive.

Front 31

ANDREW JACKSON:
Used the SPOILS SYSTEM. What is it?
What "check and balance" did he use frequently?

Back 31

He appointed his supporters to government jobs.;
The veto

Front 32

ANDREW JACKSON:
What's Jacksonian Democracy?
How did he feel about the US Bank?

Back 32

As a supporter of the common man, he extended voting rights to more men by eliminating requirements that voters own property;
He opposed the Bank.

Front 33

ANDREW JACKSON:
What was his policy on Native Americans?

Back 33

His policy was harsh. He supported the Indian Relocation Act of 1830, which led to the Cherokees' Trail of Tears.

Front 34

What was the NULLIFICATION CRISIS?

Back 34

The South hated the Tariff of 1828 ("Tariff of Abominations"). John C. Calhoun of S. Car. said states could NULLIFY (cancel) a federal law. Pres. Jackson said states had to obey the fed. law. The crisis was settled by a compromise tariff.

Front 35

Sectionalism:
Compare the North and South.

Back 35

NORTH: industrial, urban (cities), free (non-slave) labor, in favor of tariffs;
SOUTH: agricultural (cotton!!!), country, slave labor, against tariffs

Front 36

What was MANIFEST DESTINY?

Back 36

The belief that the US should reach from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. This idea was used to justify Westward expansion.

Front 37

What was held at SENECA FALLS?
What was the main goal?

Back 37

The first national Women's Rights convention.
They focused on obtaining women's suffrage (the right to vote).

Front 38

BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR:
What was the main issue that divided the US in the years before the Civil War?

Back 38

the extension of slavery into new territories/states

Front 39

BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR:
What were some compromises that dealt with the extension of slavery question?

Back 39

Missouri Compromise;
Compromise of 1850;
Kansas-Nebraska Act

Front 40

BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR:
What were some events that increased tension between North and South?

Back 40

passage of Fugitive Slave Law; Dred Scott decision; growth of Republican party; anti-slavery novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by H.B. Stowe; John Brown's attack at Harper's Ferry, Va.

Front 41

CIVIL WAR:
What event was the immediate cause of the seccesion of the Southern states?

Back 41

The election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860?

Front 42

CIVIL WAR:
What began the war?

Back 42

the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter

Front 43

CIVIL WAR:
Why did Lincoln go to war?

Back 43

to preserve the Union

Front 44

CIVIL WAR:
What did Lincoln say in his Gettysburg Address?

Back 44

"Four score and seven years ago..." He said we would have a "new birth of freedom" (ending slavery) and that "gov't of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish" (democracy would survive).

Front 45

CIVIL WAR:
What was the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION?

Back 45

Lincoln freed the slaves in areas in rebellion against the U.S. With this, abolition joined preservation of the Union as main Northern goals in the war.

Front 46

CIVIL WAR:
strategy/battles?

Back 46

Anaconda Plan: the North had more $, people, and industry, so it tried to cut off the South from supplies;
Major battles: Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Sherman's March to the sea

Front 47

CIVIL WAR:
Results of the Union (Northern) victory that re-united the country?

Back 47

victory of federal gov't over states rights; growth in the power of the president; the North's industrial economy was stimulated by the war and continued to grow in the following years

Front 48

RECONSTRUCTION:
What was it?

Back 48

The period after the Civil War when the defeated Southern states rejoined the Union; and the South's economy, government, and society were rebuilt without slavery.

Front 49

RECONSTRUCTION:
What were the plans of Reconstruction?

Back 49

Lincoln's: "10% Plan" was lenient, wanted Southern states to rejoin the Union as quickly as possible;
Johnson's: also lenient;
Radical Republicans': harsh upon white southern leaders, concerned with rights of freed slaves

Front 50

RECONSTRUCTION:
Why was Johnson impeached?
Result?

Back 50

Radical Republicans wanted him out of office so he was impeached for violating Tenure of Office Act. He was not convicted so he remained in office but his power was weakened---> Rad. Reps. in Congress gained control of Reconstruction.

Front 51

RECONSTRUCTION:
What did 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments do?

Back 51

13: freed slaves;
14: made them citizens; also Due process and Equal Protection;
15: gave freed slaves the right to vote.

Front 52

RECONSTRUCTION:
How did the Southern states keep the freed slaves from gaining their rights?

Back 52

Jim Crow laws; Black Codes; KKK

Front 53

RECONSTRUCTION:
What ended it?

Back 53

The Compromise of 1877: Hayes won the election for president; U.S. troops were withdrawn from the South.