U.s. History 9-10

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Society of the Cincinnati (established 1783)

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Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. (174) (Chapter 9)

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Articles of Confederation (1781)

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First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. (179) (Chapter 9)

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Old Northwest

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Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. (182) (Chapter 9)

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. (182) (Chapter 9)

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Northwest Ordinance (1787)

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Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. (182) (Chapter 9)

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Shays’s Rebellion (1786)

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Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of “mob rule” among leading Revolutionaries. (184) (Chapter 9)

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Virginia Plan

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“Large state” proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. (188) (Chapter 9)

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New Jersey Plan (1787)

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“Small-state plan” put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. (188) (Chapter 9)

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Great Compromise (1787)

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Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. (188) (Chapter 9)

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three-fifths compromise (1787)

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states. (189) (Chapter 9)

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antifederalists

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Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals’ liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. (190) (Chapter 9)

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federalists

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Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people’s liberties. (191) (Chapter 9)

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Bill of Rights (1791)

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Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. (201) (Chapter 10)

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Judiciary Act of 1789

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Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. (202) (Chapter 10)

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Bank of the United States (1791)

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Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. (204) (Chapter 10)

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Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

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Popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. (204) (Chapter 10)

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Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

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Issued by George Washington, it proclaiming America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. (210) (Chapter 10)

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Fallen Timbers, Battle of (1794)

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Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. (211) (Chapter 10)

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Greenville, Treaty of (1795)

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Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights and formal recognition of their sovereign status. (211) (Chapter 10)

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Jay’s Treaty (1794)

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Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which, Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. (213) (Chapter 10)

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Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

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Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. (213) (Chapter 10)

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Farewell Address (1796)

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George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. (213) (Chapter 10)

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XYZ Affair (1797)

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Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. (215) (Chapter 10)

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Convention of 1800

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Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America’s peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans’ longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. (217) (Chapter 10)

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Alien Laws (1798)

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Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. (217) (Chapter 10)

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Sedition Act (1798)

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Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. (217) (Chapter 10)

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Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (1798-1799)

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Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. (219) (Chapter 10)

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James Madison

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Father of the constitution, Author of bill of rights and constitution