Us History Key Terms

Front 1

Jamestown

Back 1

first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River

Front 2

Mayflower Compact

Back 2

foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusettssettlers before arriving on land

Front 3

Mercantilism

Back 3

ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive oncolonial economy, not voted on by colonists

Front 4

The Enlightenment

Back 4

emphasis on human reason, logic, and science

Front 5

Benjamin Franklin

Back 5

opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation

Front 6

The Great Awakening

Back 6

return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement

Front 7

Albany Plan of Union

Back 7

colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule(crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect

Front 8

Proclamation of 1763

Back 8

prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonialgrowth

Front 9

Salutary Neglect

Back 9

Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them toexperiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international tradeagreements

Front 10

Townsend Act (1767)

Back 10

similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials byAmerican taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries

Front 11

Sugar Act

Back 11

increased tariff (taxes) on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harderenforce existing tariffs (taxes)

Front 12

Stamp Act

Back 12

taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved bycolonists through their representatives

Front 13

Stamp Act Congress

Back 13

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act wasrepealed

Front 14

Boston Tea Party

Back 14

peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonistsdisguised as Native Americans

Front 15

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

Back 15

in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor,revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name ofroyal authority would be tried in England or another colony

Front 16

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

Back 16

stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize aneed for revolution; appealed to American emotions

Front 17

George Washington

Back 17

American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for futurepresidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed firstpresidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchicalstyle rule

Front 18

Articles of Confederation

Back 18

states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lackedexecutive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous foramendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes

Front 19

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 19

defined process for territories to become states (population reached60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories

Front 20

Alexander Hamilton

Back 20

pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushedcreation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation ofConstitution, leader of Federalist Party

Front 21

James Madison

Back 21

strong central government, separation of powers, "extendedrepublic"

Front 22

Shay's Rebellion

Back 22

mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think aboutcentral government

Front 23

Connecticut Compromise

Back 23

advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senatorsper state and representation in the House based on population

Front 24

Virginia Plan

Back 24

bicameral congressional representation based on population

Front 25

New Jersey Plan

Back 25

equal representation in unicameral congress

Front 26

Federalism

Back 26

strong central government provided by power divided between state andnational governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution

Front 27

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

Back 27

stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation,simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign andinterstate commerce, power to enact taxes, federalcourts, easier amendment process

Front 28

Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper")

Back 28

gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

Front 29

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Back 29

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimousconsent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people;

Federalists strong central government, more power to rich,separation of church and state, stated that national government would protectindividual rights

Front 30

The Federalist Papers

Back 30

written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary onConstitution, republicanism extended over large territory

Front 31

Bill of Rights

Back 31

protected rights of individual from the power of the central government

Front 32

Bank of the United States

Back 32

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highlycontroversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretationof Constitution

Front 33

Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Back 33

loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as theNational Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress

Front 34

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 34

Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excisetax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited tonon-violent

Front 35

Nullification

Back 35

states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

Front 36

Federalists and Republicans

Back 36

the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency;Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger stategovernments

Front 37

Washington's Farewell Address

Back 37

warned against:

permanent foreign alliances and political parties calledfor unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Front 38

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 38

meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of theFederalists

Front 39

12th Amendment

Back 39

required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vicepresidential candidates

Front 40

Marbury v. Madison

Back 40

John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal lawsunconstitutional

=

JUDICIAL REVIEW!

Front 41

Missouri Compromise (1820

Back 41

Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited northof 36°30'

Front 42

Monroe Doctrine

Back 42

Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere

Front 43

Jackson's Presidency

Back 43

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, annexation of territory

Front 44

Indian Removal Act

Back 44

Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory

Front 45

"Trail of Tears"

Back 45

Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservationsin current-day Oklahoma, high death toll

Front 46

Spoils System

Back 46

Providing political jobs to close friends

Front 47

Kitchen Cabinet

Back 47

Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his officialcabinet

Front 48

Nullification Controversy

Back 48

southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had theright to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them

Front 49

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Back 49

for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth CadyStanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence

Front 50

Underground Railroad

Back 50

network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves tofreedom

Front 51

Harriet Tubman

Back 51

worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves outof the South into freedom

Front 52

Nativism

Back 52

anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

Front 53

Stephen Austin

Back 53

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independencefrom Mexico

Front 54

James K. Polk

Back 54

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the westernUS (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs,created Independent Treasury

Front 55

Manifest Destiny

Back 55

stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entirecontinent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk

Front 56

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 56

acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico);Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

Front 57

California Gold Rush

Back 57

gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass ofadventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question ofslavery in the West

Front 58

Fugitive Slave Act

Back 58

runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to theirmasters (they were treated as property — running away was as good as stealing)

Front 59

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

Back 59

depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physicalabuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South

Front 60

Know-Nothing (American) Party

Back 60

opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic

Front 61

John Brown

Back 61

Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black freestate; Brown executed and became martyr in the North

Front 62

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Back 62

slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer consideredcitizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, MissouriCompromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state

Front 63

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 63

issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory toempower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did notinclude border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in thewar

Front 64

Andrew Carnegie

Back 64

achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneeredvertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh),opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as amanager/partner), Bessemer steel process

Front 65

John D. Rockefeller

Back 65

Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of thefittest)

Front 66

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 66

forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts,ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-TrustAct)

Front 67

Knights of Labor

Back 67

founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equalfemale pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations,proportional income tax; "bread and butter" unionism (higher wages,shorter hours, better conditions

Front 68

American Federation of Labor

Back 68

craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women leftout of recruitment efforts

Front 69

Samuel Gompers

Back 69

focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled),coordinated crafts unions, supported 8¬hour workday and injury liability

Front 70

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Back 70

10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs(Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)

Front 71

Social Darwinism

Back 71

natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by HerbertSpencer, William Graham Sumner

Front 72

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

Back 72

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking betterlife; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching foropportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stayin the US

Front 73

Populist Party

Back 73

emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan wasdefeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed theworking classes;s

Front 74

Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 74

Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy

Front 75

Jim Crow laws

Back 75

educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted toAfrican-Americans, predominantly in South

Front 76

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

Back 76

workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; furtherencouraged reform movements for working conditions

Front 77

Booker T. Washington

Back 77

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

Front 78

WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk

Back 78

opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality,formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas

Front 79

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Back 79

formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, inresponse to Springfield Race Riots

Front 80

Muckrakers

Back 80

uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality ofcity/working life

Ida Tarabell (oilcompanies)

David Graham Phillips (Senate)

Aschen School (child labor)

Front 81

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

Back 81

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired MeatInspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Front 82

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Back 82

led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" followingthe civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition

Front 83

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 83

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism(at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition

significant role in world affairs

Front 84

Square Deal

Back 84

Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coalstrike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protectconsumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (NewlandsReclamation Act)

Front 85

Woodrow Wilson

Back 85

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, andtariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (toenforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

Front 86

Yellow journalism

Back 86

created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst; aimed to exciteAmerican imperialist interests; media bias, subjective representation of events

Front 87

Spanish American War (1898)

Back 87

McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain;Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba

Front 88

Explosion of USS Maine

Back 88

meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internalaccidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish¬ American War

Front 89

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Back 89

U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests ofother countries in the Western hemisphere; provided justification for invasionsof Latin America

Front 90

Panama Canal

Back 90

needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions

Front 91

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 91

government would protect America's foreign investments with any forceneeded; under president Taft

Front 92

Zimmerman Note

Back 92

intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, usingbribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance

Front 93

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Back 93

Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships,attempt to involve U.S. in war

Front 94

Schenk v. U.S.

Back 94

court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right tolimit free speech during times of war

Front 95

"Red Scare" (1919)

Back 95

anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevikrebellion

Front 96

Nativism

Back 96

severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners,believed to erode old-fashioned American values

Front 97

Ku Klux Klan

Back 97

spread quickly; opposed everything that was not White Anglo-SaxonProtestant (WASP) (and conservative), Stephenson's faults and jail sentence ledto demise

Front 98

National Origins Act (1924)

Back 98

reduced quota, reduced numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asiansbanned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt

Front 99

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Back 99

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world,new trial denied

Front 100

Scopes Trial

Back 100

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) againstFundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teachingDarwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

Front 101

Prohibition, rise of organized crime

Back 101

supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lackedenforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger —gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)ac

Front 102

Henry Ford's assembly line

Back 102

mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raisewages), supported other industries and raised employment

Front 103

Jazz

Back 103

dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime;jazz migrated along with African Americansin the Great Migration

Front 104

Harlem Renaissance

Back 104

authors included Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, CounteeCullet — praise and expression of black culture of the time

Front 105

Charles Lindbergh

Back 105

considered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane

Front 106

Teapot Dome scandal

Back 106

Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil inTeapot Dome, Wyoming

Front 107

Farm crisis

Back 107

agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen ofproblems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for thedemand

Front 108

Causes of the depression

Back 108

rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry,mistaken "trickle-down" economics, reliance on credit

Front 109

Stock market crash

Back 109

(1929) stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks becameessentially worthless; cause bank crashes

Front 110

Hoovervilles

Back 110

sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country's blame onHoover for the cause of the Depression

Front 111

President Franklin Roosevelt

Back 111

introduced his "New Deal," won election by a relativelandslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)

Front 112

New Deal

Back 112

FDR's plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economyand pull America out of the Great Depression

Front 113

"Brain Trust"

Back 113

FDR's inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in thecabinet

Front 114

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Back 114

Part of "First" New Deal Program, subsidies to farmers todecrease production and thus increase prices

Front 115

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Back 115

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), hydroelectricpower to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poorarea

Front 116

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Back 116

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), employed youngjobless men with government projects on work relief and environment

Front 117

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

Back 117

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided morefunds to state and local relief efforts

Front 118

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Back 118

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), Harold Icicles,provided public construction projects

Front 119

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Back 119

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), insured deposits< $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks

Front 120

Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA)

Back 120

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheldmoney from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accidentvictims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for socialwelfare

Front 121

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Back 121

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), Harry Hopkins;provide work for unemployed and construct public works, &c. throughEmergency Relief Appropriation Act; much like Civil Works Administration

Front 122

“Okies" and "Arkies"

Back 122

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas(respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

Front 123

Critics of FDR

Back 123

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

Front 124

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 124

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations

Front 125

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Back 125

President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to thedefense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany);Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

Front 126

Pearl Harbor

Back 126

Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR's request fordeclaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarationsof war

Front 127

Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs

Back 127

risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-handcombat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely

Front 128

Yalta Conference (1945)

Back 128

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democraticprocedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

Front 129

The Homefront

Back 129

westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraftindustry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouragedto work in factories, still held inferior to men

Front 130

Rationing

Back 130

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of lifeto support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boomafter war

Front 131

Rosie the Riveter

Back 131

symbol of women workers during the war

Front 132

President Harry Truman

Back 132

first president to show positive response to civil rights movement;worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check

Front 133

Jackie Robinson

Back 133

first African-American in major league baseball

Front 134

Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947)

Back 134

banned racial discrimination in federal practices; To Secure TheseRights called for desegregation, anti-lynching, end of poll taxes

Front 135

Fair Deal

Back 135

preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions; raised minimum wage,public housing, old-age insurance extension, agricultural price supports(lowering of farm price)

Front 136

Truman Doctrine

Back 136

support people oppressed by communism and non-democratic governments;worked with democratic governments in Greece, Turkey, and Israel

Front 137

Marshall Plan

Back 137

US provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe; aimedtowards anti-communist governments in France, Italy, and Germany; EasternEuropean nations prohibited from receiving help from US

Front 138

Berlin Airlift

Back 138

Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by blockade; USorganized airlift to drop supplies into Britain; blockade lifted in May 1949

Front 139

Korean War

Back 139

Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea; MacArthur named general on behalf of UN (excluded Russia), US supplied majority of troops; recapture of South Korea and suppression of North forces to northern border;

Front 140

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Back 140

Republican, popular hero of WWII; "dynamic conservatism" as amiddle ground btw. Rep. and Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive ofweapons transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to AtlanticOcean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare to oversee New Dealprograms

Front 141

Conformity in the 1950s

Back 141

strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during redscare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists

Front 142

Suburbia

Back 142

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to African-American migration;government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

Front 143

"Baby Boom"

Back 143

nprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population (especiallyurban and suburban areas)

Front 144

Consumerism

Back 144

Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war(disposable income); increased purchasing of luxury items

Front 145

"Affluent Society"

Back 145

economic prosperity of American society following WWII; doubling ofnational income, jobs to women, defense industry's support of economy

Front 146

Non-conformity

Back 146

Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks — rebelled againstconservative conformity of the rest of the country (esp. targeted youth)

Front 147

Rock `n' Roll

Back 147

influence of African-American blues, music of the younger generation(gap between them and their parents)

Front 148

McCarthyism

Back 148

attacked people for being communist by association and unsubstantiatedclaims

Front 149

Domino theory

Back 149

one country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations toalso fall "like dominos"; spurred by Southeast Asia regimes (esp.Vietnam)

Front 150

Sputnik

Back 150

caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were technologicallysuperior; led Ike to order more rigorous education program to rival Soviets(National Defense Education Act)

Front 151

Ike's Farewell Speech

Back 151

warned of dangerous military-industrial complex (newly-found power ofthe military to affect the path of democracy)

Front 152

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Back 152

blacks denied admission to all-white school; overturned Plessy v.Ferguson, negating "separate but equal", ordered integration ofschools as soon as possible; white southerners protested (refused to attendintegrated schools)

Front 153

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Back 153

Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, AfricanAmerican leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional

Front 154

Martin Luther King Jr.

Back 154

led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement; urged nonviolentresistance (cf. tactics of Ghandi)

Front 155

Election of 1960

Back 155

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon(pale and nervous)

Front 156

President John F. Kennedy

Back 156

second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the ColdWar increased; unable to get major initiatives through Congress due toconservative bloc; tax cuts (economic stimulation); reluctantly gets involved incivil rights; emphasizes Space Race (man on the moon)

Front 157

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Back 157

effects of pesticides on the environment; changed way Americans viewedtheir impact on nature

Front 158

Berlin Wall

Back 158

due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to separate EastBerlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to west); symbol of communistdenial of freedom

Front 159

Peace Corps

Back 159

created in 1961 as example of liberal anticommunism in third worldcountries; "reform-minded missionaries of democracy"

Front 160

Bay of Pigs invasion

Back 160

CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to overthrow Castro; cover-upuncovered, became representation of Cuban resistance to American aggression

Front 161

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 161

storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat of nuclear war); Krushchevdemanded that US never invade Cuba and remove forces from Turkey; mutualcompliance with each other's demands

Front 162

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Back 162

prohibited testing of nuclear bombs above ground to slow the nucleararms race and the release of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere

Front 163

March on Washington, "I have a dream"

Back 163

25,000 people (including whites) convened for political rally, MLK'sspeech to historical event; attempted to push civil rights bill throughCongress

Front 164

Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission

Back 164

Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies); LBJinstituted Warren Commission to investigate assassination (headed by ChiefJustice Earl Warren)

Front 165

President Lyndon B. Johnson

Back 165

dealt with Vietnam War, "Great Society" program forimprovement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs

Front 166

"Great Society"

Back 166

LBJ's flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification andamelioration of American society (War on Poverty, Medicare, public educationspending, public television (PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities andArts (NEH, NEA))

Front 167

Affirmative Action

Back 167

sets of programs geared towards minorities and oft-discriminatedpopulations

Front 168

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 168

banned racial discrimination and segregation (public), bias by federalgovernment; enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Front 169

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 169

prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the rightto vote and enforced black suffrage rights

Front 170

Roe v. Wade

Back 170

court case, unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women'srights to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy

Front 171

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

Back 171

used nonviolent protest and boycott to achieve better working conditionsfor farmers (esp. Mexican-Americans)

Front 172

Vietnam War

Back 172

United States aided South Vietnam in its war of power struggle againstNorth Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and China

Front 173

Tet Offensive (1968)

Back 173

NLF attacked numerous South Vietnamese cities and American embassies,eventually repulsed; spoiled LBJ's record to reelection, resulted in massiveprotests in US to end the war; atrocities such that war could only end instalemate

Front 174

1968 as "the year of shocks"

Back 174

Tet Offensive in Vietnam, assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy(presidential candidate), Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicagopolice beat antiwar protestors), Black Panthers

Front 175

Richard Nixon (R)

Back 175

"Southern Strategy" lured many southern Democrats to theRepublican party (esp. due to southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964)

Front 176

Vietnamization

Back 176

part of Nixon's tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops fromVietnam; wean the South Vietnamese off of American support, gradually reducingnumber of American troops present

Front 177

Kent State Protest

Back 177

Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia,not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen

Front 178

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

Back 178

Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than thesuperiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further reducedtensions between the two countries

Front 179

Watergate Scandal

Back 179

despite near-guaranteed second term, campaign workers burglarized Democraticoffices, cover-up unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment

Front 180

Energy Crisis, OPEC

Back 180

increased already high rate of inflation by quadrupling the price ofcrude oil

Front 181

President Jimmy Carter

Back 181

Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of Taiwan;little accomplished domestically due to conservative opposition, foreign policymore successful; Washington outsider, Experienced high interest rates,inflation, increased government spending, rising unemployment, decreased unionmembership

Front 182

Camp David Accords

Back 182

(peace btw Egypt and Israel) followed years of tension, Israel wouldleave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel's other landclaims; accords not completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated

Front 183

Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979

Back 183

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight fromuprising, botched rescue attempts

Front 184

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Back 184

despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance, Afghanistan taken by SovietUnion; ended detente between USSR and US

Front 185

President Ronald Reagan

Back 185

offered a New Deal (reminiscent of FDR) of smaller government, reducedtaxes, and free enterprise; Washington outsider

Front 186

Conservatism

Back 186

belief in minimal government so as to allow the people their own freereign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, etc

Front 187

Reaganomics

Back 187

capitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes andregulation

Front 188

Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989)

Back 188

Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of EasternEurope, including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement)

Front 189

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

Back 189

Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power, BorisYeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control

Front 190

Economic transition

Back 190

to service economy in late 20 century (end of industrialism) – higher focus on services (esp. education) rather than material products

Front 191

Gulf War, "Operation Desert Storm" (1991)

Back 191

Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal toabandon Iraqi occupation

Front 192

1992 Election

Back 192

Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problemsof middle class (Clinton)

Front 193

President Bill Clinton

Back 193

scholarly, welfare-reform, "Contract with America,"impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in Kosovo

Front 194

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994)

Back 194

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico,net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

Front 195

Clinton impeachment (1997)

Back 195

helped approval ratings, not removed from office despite all the effortsof Republican congressmen

Front 196

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Back 196

Gore promising with experience, Bush appealing by family influence andplans for presidency (tax cuts, education reform, defense, etc.)

Front 197

9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001)

Back 197

planes hijacked by terrorists for destruction; blame pinned on Al Qaedaand Osama bin Laden, sought out in attempt to completely destroy terrorism

Front 198

Invasion of Afghanistan (2002)

Back 198

overthrow of the Taliban, in search of bin Laden

Front 199

Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003

Back 199

Iran, Iraq, and North Korea designated as the "axis of evil,"institution of democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein's dictatorship(return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world, movingbeyond containment of communism