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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Exretion function in Urinary? |
Removes harmful liquid wastes (toxic) from blood & secrete them in urine |
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What does Excretion mostly result of ? |
-By products of Metabolism -by-products of breaking down proteins tends to be most of these toxic waste products - substances absorbed from intestines |
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Describe how Regulating of blood volume & pressure functions in urinary? |
Regulating blood volume controls blood pressure -get rid of more fluid in urine, there will be less fluid in blood - if more fluid is reabsorbed in blood, blood pressure would be up & less urine |
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What other system also has a function to Regulsting of blood volume & pressure? |
Cardiovascular system |
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How does stabilizing extracellular fluid pH acts as a function in urinary system? |
Helps regulate blood pH (respiratory system does this to) -kidneys excrete H+ions back into blood to control pH |
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If blood is to acidic what happens? |
Kidneys get rid of extra H+ and put in urine |
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If blood is to basic what happens? |
Kidneys will absorb more acid |
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If something is wrong with kidneys what happens? |
A person starts breathing different to regulate blood pH with breathing to fix kidneys problems |
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If there's a problem with someone's breathing causing blood pH to be either high or low what happens? |
Kidneys will try to compensate by trying to get rid of more acid or base |
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Where do Renal arteries take oxygenated blood? |
To kidneys |
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Where does deoxygenated blood go through? |
Renal veins , through vena cava and back to heart |
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Where does urine go to ? |
Ureter which will take it to bladder |
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Define Micturation? |
Person gets the urge to urine |
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How does urine get out of body? |
-Bladder streches enough person gets the urge to urine - voluntary urethral sphincter open & get rid of urine through urethra |
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Describe urethra in males? |
-longer then females -part of urinary & reproductive tract -carry both urine and semen =goes through prostate gland & penis |
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Where does filtration, reabsorption & secretion happen? |
In Nephron (basic unit of kidney) |
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Describe Filtration in kidneys? |
substances move from bood (glomerulus) into glomerular capsule and then kidneys tubules |
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what kinds of things does filtration include? |
ions, water, glucose, amino acid and waste but no blood cells or proteins |
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Fluid can be altered through reabsorption & secretion once finished filtrte flow from? |
End of nephron (collecting duct) into minor calyx where it becomes urine & it cant be altered |
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wehre does urine go after it goes into minor calyx? |
major calyx (where multiple minor calyces join together) & then urine flow into Renal pelvis (at the entrance to ureter) then down ureter to bladder |
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Describe Reabsorption in Kidneys? |
wanted substances are reabsorbed from kidneys tubules back into blood (peritubular capillaries) |
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Describe Secretion in Kidneys? |
- unwanted substances that were not filtered are secreted from blood (peritubular capillaries) into kidney tubules |
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how much do kidneys filter? |
about 125 mLminute (glomerular filtration rate or GFR) |
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what does low GFR mean? |
kidney disease & toxic waste products can build up in blood |
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what should be filtered through GFR? |
anything smaller then a protein should be filtered -negative charges are filtered slower |
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what are somethings that get filtered through GFR? |
-glucose -amino acid -ions -H20 -urea -Uric acid |
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things that do NOT filter through GFR? |
-protein(albumin) -leukocytes -erythrocytes |
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where do filtered substances go out of ? |
out of blood through fenestrations & podocytes (cells with "foot like" projections that wrap around glomerulus) into glomerular capsule & then PCT |
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what 3 different pressures influence GFR and determine how much fluid is filtered? |
1- Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure (GHP) 2- Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) 3- Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) |
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what is Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)? |
blood pressure in glomerulus higher than most other parts of body -this pushes solutes out into capsule to be filtered |
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what causes GHP to be high and what does that cause? |
Chronic hypertension causes it to be high for this it can tear holes in walls of glomerulus & lead to CKD |
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what is Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)? |
pressure that sucks water into glomerulus by osmosis |
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what is Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)? |
pressure of fluid on walls of glomerular capsule pushing back in towards glomerulus |
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what is Net filtration pressure? How to calculate it? |
GHP-(COP+CHP) if pressure to low blood will not be adequately filtered & toxic substances will build up in body. |
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what symptoms are caused when low net filtration substances build up in body? |
-muscle weakness -edema -anemia -acidosis -alkalosis -shortness of breath |
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what are the 4 major mechanisms that regulate GFR? |
1 Myogenic mechanism 2 Tubuloglomerular mechanism 3 Hormonal mechanism 4 sympathetic nervous system |
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when to much blood is flowing into afferent arteriole what happens to GFR in Myogenic mechanism? |
GFR will be high= this high blood pressure stretches smooth muscle in afferent arteriole |
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what causes the smooth muscle in Myogenic mechanism to constrict? |
Reflex causes it to constrict the afferent arteriole, reducing amount of blood flow into glomerulus |
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what causes smooth muscle to dilate in Myogenic mechanism? |
-not enough blood flowing into afferent arteriole -low pressure -when GFR goes down |
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what can sense Osmolarity (ion concentration) in Tubuloglomerular mechanism |
macula densa cells located in Juxtaglomerula apparatus (JGA) between afferent & efferent arterioles |
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what does high osmolarity mean in Tubuloglomerular mechanism? |
GFR is high b.c fluid is flowing so fast that not enough ions are being reabsorbed= macula densa cells release ATP & adenosine to constrict afferent arteriole (reducing blood flow into glomerulus &GFR goes down) |
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what happens if there is low Osmolarity in Tubuloglomerular mechanism? |
GFR is low b.c fluid is flowing so slowly that most ions are being reabsorbed -macula densa cells release less ATP & adenosine so afferent arteriole dilate (causing high blood flow into glomerulus & GFR goes up) |
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what happens if there is low fluid volume in kidneys in Hormonal mechanisms? |
Causes GFR to be low & JGA cells release renin |
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what does Renin do in Hormonal mechanisms? |
Converts Angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 which travels to lungs where ACE turns in into angiotension 2 |
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what does Angiotension 2 do in Hormonal mechanisms? |
Constrict systemic arteriols, raising blood pressure, which raises GFR also causes Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone that makes the DCT reabsob more Na+ |
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what happens in Hormonal mechanisms when blood pressure & volume are low? |
ADH gets released causes DCT to reabsorb more water |
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what happens when blood pressure & volume are to high in Hormonal mechanisms |
Heart releases ANP which inhibits renin, ADH & aldosterone to lower blood pressure |
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what are ACE inhibitors? |
Drugs that lower blood pressure by preventing ACE from turning angiotension 1 into angiotensio 2 |
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what the fancy word for peeing or urination? |
Micturition |
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what is the Triangular area in bladder where 2 ureters enter & urethra exit known as? |
Trigone = during bldadder infections this is usually most affected area |
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what is bladder lined with? |
Transitional epithelium which can stretch to have fewer cell layers when its full |
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which system causes a person micturation? |
Parasympathetic system |
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Describe positive feedback during Micturition? |
bladder fills stretch receptors in bladder stimulates nerves, the parasympathetic nervous system activates urge to urinate, which becomes stronger over time until they urinate |
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which Sphincter is Involuntary? |
Internal Urethral sphincter |
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which sphincter is voluntary? |
External urethral sphincter *both must relax to allow micturition* |
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what does sympathetic nervous system do during severe stress such as blood loss? |
Vasconstricts afferent & efferent arterioles tightly reducing GFR dramatically (allows limited blood to be directed to the most important organs like heart & brain) |
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IF severe stress condition such as blood loss last to long and fluids are not replaced what will happen? |
-kidneys will fail= once completely shut down, a person can expect to survive anywhere form a few days to weeks -waste products will build up in blood- eventually leading to death |
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what types of mechmisms are myogenic and tubuloglomerular mechanisms? |
Intrinsic or autoregulation (kidneys regualte themselves) |
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what types of mechanisms are Hormonal & sympathetic nervous system? |
Extrinsic (other parts of body regulate kidneys) |
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what is reabsorption the process of ? |
moving substances from filtrates into blood (peritubular caillaries) |
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How much fluid does kidney filter per day ? |
about 180 liters we only have 4-6 L of blood |
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where are most things reabsorbed? |
in PCT including glucose & amino acids, some ions and water= Transport proteins move these things from filtrate into peritubular capillaries |
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what do Descending nephron loop reabsorb ? |
water by osmosis |
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What do Ascending nephron loop reabsorb? |
Ions by active transport, the ions that go out make it easier for water to be reaborbed in Descending loop (water follows solutes) |
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By the time filtrate gets to DCT how much has been reabsorbed? |
at least 85% -Hormones ADH & aldosterone can cause DCT & collecting duct to reaborb more -ADH= causes more water reabsorption |
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how much of filtrate is going to get reabsorbed back and where? |
around 70% into peritubular capilaries from proximal tubule |
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If there is any Na+ in luman in PCT reabsorption what happens? |
Na+ goes form area of high concentration to low concentration, through symports & antiports where it drags other substances (glucose, amino acids tc) with it |
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Define Symports? |
transport protein that transports 2 things in same direction at same time |
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Define Antiports? |
Transport protein that transports 2 things in opposite directions at same time |
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what the first step of reabsorption in PCT? |
Na+/K+ pumps on Basolateral membrane use ATP to move Na+ out into Interstitium where it builds up at high concentration. -Now Na+ is at low concenration inside the tubule cells=water moves into interstitium to follow Na+ by osmosis |
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what do other substances use in PCT reabsorption? |
Facilitated diffusion to go out the Basolateral membrane into the Interstitium -Na+ pumped out by Na+/K+ pumps which requires energy the Na+/K+ pumps builds up a gradient which allows other transport proteins to move solutes down gradient without energy |
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what is Secondary active transport? |
when one transport protein uses energy (active) to mvoe solutes to their area of high concentration, these solutes then move down their concentration gradient through different transport protein that does not require energy (passive) |
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Ultimately anything that goes into Interstitium will get reabsorbed into what? |
Blood |
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what is Transcellar route? |
uses tranport proteins to move things through cells for reabsorption. All symport/antiport stuff above uses this route |
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what is paracellular route? |
things can squeeze through the tight junctions between cells to be reabsorbed, mainly water with some dissolved ions |
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what do Antipts move? |
Na+ into cell & H+ into lumen so H+ gets secreted |
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where does Descending nephron loop descend into? |
medulla |
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what is reabsorbed in Descending nephron loop? |
only water by osmosis, b.c the interstitium is more concentrated (higher osmolarity) than filtrate |
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what are most nephrons called? |
Cortical nephrons, the body also has some juxtamedullary nephrons that have extremely deep nephron loop to reabsorb extra water during dehydration |
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what do animals in the desert have that help them reabsorb almost all their water? |
Deep nephron loops |
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what does Ascending loop reabsorb? |
ions, using Na+/K+ pumps on basolateral side & symporters for Na+ with Cl- & K+ on the luminal side, simialr to ones in PCT |
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what happens at the bottom of Ascending nephron loop? |
many ions are reabsorbed & go into interstitium, this makes filtrate less concentrated |
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As Ascending loop ascends what happens? |
fewer ions are left to be reabsorbed into interstitium so interstitium is less concentrated |
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what is the counter current system? |
ions that are reabsorbed using ATP on ascending loop create the conditions in Interstitium (high concentration at the bottom) that allow water to be reabsorbed by osmosis in descending loop |
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what do DCT and collecting duct mainly reabsorb when ADH and aldosterone are present? |
extra water and Na+ |
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when blood pressure/ volume in DCT & colecting duct is low such as dehydration what happens? |
ADH and aldosterone are released |
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when is ADH present in DCT and collecting ducts? |
when blood pressure is to low= ADH binds to a receptor, does a G protein pathway & ends up making a whole bunch Aquaporins |
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what is Aquaporins? |
transport proteins for water |
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where can water transport through? |
cells DCT, also moves towards concentrated areas by osmosis so reabsorbing Na+ makes it easier for water to be reasborbed |
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what happens if aldosterone is present in DCT and collecting duct? |
causes body to make Na+/K+ pumps to basolaterl membrane so more Na+ is reabsorbed &K+ is secreted into filtrate & end up with more K+ in urine |
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How much filtrate has been reabsorbed back into blood by the time it gets to DCT? |
95% and 5% is reabsorbed at DCT (if ADH and aldosterone is around) |
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where are most of Na+/K+ pumps with aldosterrone present? |
on DCT |
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why does more water get reabsorbed in medulla? |
because concenration is higher makes les urine |
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How much urine do peple make per day? |
1-2 liters |
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what is Polyuria? whats it caused by? |
extra urine, caused by -Diabetes mellitus -Diabetes insipidus -Alcohol -Caffeine |
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Describe Diabetes mellitus? |
-both type 1 & 2 -not enough glucose transporters to reabsorb all extra glucose in PCT - some glucose stays in filtrate, pulling water into filtrate by osmosis, so urine contains both glucose and water |
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what are the main waste products that are secreted in urine? |
-H+(acid) -urea -uric acid -ammonium (NH4+) -creatinine *all by products of metabolism* |
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How to creat more byproduct of metabolism? |
breaking down proteins for energy |
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where are the main waste products that are secrted in urine filtered in to? |
Glomerulus |
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Describe Diabetes Insipidus? |
disorder where pituitary cant produce ADH, causes extremly frequent urination & constatn thirst to replace water lost in urine |
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Describe Alcohol secretion? |
inhibits products of ADH |
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Describe caffeine secretion? |
Dilates affent & other arterioles, increasing GFR, More filtrate means mroe urine |
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what does Oligurin mean and Anuria mean? what is it caused by? |
-low urine -NO urine caused by...Dehydration, Kidney disease or failure and Endlarged prostate |
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Describe Dehydration |
Low blood volume, so you release more ADH & aldosterone to reabsorb water, less goes in urine |
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Describe kidney diseas or failure? |
If kidneys arent filtering much blood, there will be less filtrate & less urine |
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what does urine contain? |
some ions, waste products & urochrome (yellow pigment) |
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what should normal urine NOT contain? |
-protein -leukocytes -erythrocytes -glucose |
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what do Proteins or erythrocytes in urine indicate? |
damage to glomerulus & are often signs of CKD |
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what do Leukocytes indicate? |
bacteria or nitrites can be signs of infection |
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what is glucose a sign of? |
hyperglycemia often due to diabetes mellitus |
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what is specific gravity ? |
the density of a liquid -water is 1.000 -water mixed with solutes greater than 1 |
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Define Chronic kidney disease (CKD) ? |
-chronic condition that often gets worse over time -low GFR= not enough filtration so toxic waste products build up in blood |
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what is Dialysis |
treatment to filter blood |
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If CKD progresses to much what happens? |
may require a kidney transplant form a donor |
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what is CKD often caused by? |
hypertension &/or diabetes -high pressure can tear holes in glomerulus allowing proteins & erythrocytes to be filtered & enter urine (protein in urine earliest sign) |
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which mechanism(s) for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are intrinic? |
-tubuloglomerular mechanism -myogenic mechanism |
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what is filtered in normal kidney? |
-glucose -amino acids -urea -ions |
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If the osmolarity of filtrate was low this means the GFR is blank. To correct this problem the kidney would blank? |
-Lowe -dilate the afferent arteriole |
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The acending nephron loop reabsorbs blank using blank transport. This makes it possible for the descending nephron loop to reabsorb more blank using blank transport? |
-ions -active -water -passive |
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Secretion is when solutes move from the blank to the blank |
-peritubular capillaries -kidney tubules |
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How are msot solutes reabsorbed in the PCT? |
secondary active transport with Na+ |
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what istrue about chronic kidney disease? |
-it is often caused by hypertension -the GFR is too low |
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Aldosterone causes the blank to reabsorb more blank, ADH causes the blank to reabsorbed more blank? |
-DCT and collecting duct -Na+ -DCT and collecting duct -Water |
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Which should NOT be found in the urine of a healthy person? |
Amino acids |
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Which area has the highest osmolarity? |
Lumen of Nephron loop |
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Reabsorption is when salutes move from blank to blank |
-kidney tubules -peritubular capillaries |
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Dehydration causes GFR to blank. To correct this problem myogenic mechanism will cause the blank |
-decrease - afferent arterioles to dilate |
