Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a noun |
A naming word -names a specific thing or set of things (Nurse, department, box, thought, sweetness, tree, arrival) |
|
|
What are the 4 types of nouns |
Common Proper Concrete Abstract |
|
|
What are common nouns |
Describes a class of entities -names things in general -never capitalized (Car, man, wind, star) |
|
|
What are proper nouns |
Name a specific thing or things -always capitalized (Simon, Starbucks, Manitoba) |
|
|
What are concrete nouns |
Name a thing that can be perceived by one of the 5 senses (Car, rain, laughter, ground, stench, sperch) |
|
|
What are abstract nouns |
Name an abstract concept like an idea (Fear, injustice, joy, love, innocence) |
|
|
What is a verb |
Words that describe an action or state of being (Run, talk, think, have, die, dislike, want) |
|
|
What are the 2 kinds of verbs |
Regular Irregular |
|
|
What are regular verbs |
Are conjugated uniformly with ed or d in the past and past participle tense -last letter of word may be doubled sometimes (Walk=walked) Plan=planned) |
|
|
What are irregular verbs |
They don't conjugate according to any set pattern (Teach=taught) (choose=chose) (hit=hit) (go=went) (say=said) |
|
|
What is an adjective |
A word that describes a noun -tells you something about the noun (Big, red, thin, awful, fast, weak, beautiful) |
|
|
What is an adverb |
A word that describes a verb, chafing the meaing of the verb -cab modify the entire clauses (Slowly, intelligently, yesterday, well, here, everywhere) |
|
|
What is a pronoun |
A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence -noun it replaces is called an antecedent (He, she, I, you, these, those, theirs, ours, What, who) |
|
|
What happens to a pronoun when there is no antecedent |
It is called an expletive pronoun (It is often said that there is nothing good on tv) - It refers to nothing - It is a expletive pronoun |
|
|
What are the 8 different kinds of pronouns |
1) personal 2) reflexive 3)reciprocal 4)possessive 5)demonstrative 6)indefinite 7)relative 8)interrogative |
|
|
What is a personal pronoun |
Replaces a noun of a particular grammatical entity (first person (i) second person (you) third person (he, she, it) |
|
|
What are reflexive pronoun |
Is a pronoun preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb, or pronoun the which it refers too (George hurt himself) |
|
|
What is a reciprocal pronoun |
Refers to a reciprocal relationship - it has to refer to a noun phrase in the same clause (Each other, one another) (They do not like each other) |
|
|
What are possessive pronoun |
A pronoun that indicated possession or ownership (Mine, yours, their, my, her, our) |
|
|
What are demonstrative pronouns |
A pronoun that depends on an external frame of reference -indicates which entities the speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others (This, that, these, those) |
|
|
What are indefinite pronouns |
A pronoun that refers to one or more unspecified persons or things (Everyone, everything, anyone, anything, somebody, something, nothing, every, any, all, some) |
|
|
What is a relative pronoun |
A pronoun that refers back to people or things previously mentioned -used in relative clauses (People who smoke should quit now) (This is the house that Jack built) |
|
|
What are interrogative pronouns |
Pronous that ask which person or thing is meant (Who, whom, whose, which, what) |
|
|
What are conjunctions |
Connect words, sentences, phrases, or clauses together (But, so, and, because, or) |
|
|
What are prepositions |
Express spatial or temporal relations or mark various semantic roles (In,under, until, towards, before, of, for) |
|
|
What is an interjection |
A word that expresses emotion or surprise and is usually followed by an exclamation mark (Ouch!, hello!, hurry!) |
|
|
What is an article |
A word that introduces a noun (The, an, a) |
|
|
What is a simple sentence |
A group of words that expresses a complete thought -must have a subject and predicate with the predicate showing the action or state of being of the subject |
|
|
What is a subject |
Is the person, place or idea the is the who or what of the predicate (the main verb) - the element the verb agrees with - can be several words (What he didnt know about vehicle maintenance could full volumes) |
|
|
What is a simple subject |
The subject of a sentence stripped of all modifiers |
|
|
What is an understood subject |
The subject of a command, order, or suggestion -uassally left out of the sentence and so the subject is implied or understood |
|
|
What are the 4 kinds of sentences |
Declarative Imperative Interrogative Explanatory |
|
|
What is a declarative sentence |
Makes a statement (The assigment is due tomorrow) |
|
|
What are imperative sentences |
Gives a command or makes a request (Hand it in now) |
|
|
What is an interrogative sentence |
Sentence that asks a question (Do you know the man?) |
|
|
What is an exclamatory sentence |
Shows strong feelings -Declarative, imperative or interrogative can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point (The assigment is due today!, stop!) |
|
|
What is an agent |
The doer or initiator of action in a sentence - in an active sentence the subject is the agent -a passive sentence will often not have an agent (Mr. Robertson just built a new roof for his house) (When he got his paper back Samuel did not like the mark he saw) |
|
|
What is an object |
Receives the action performed by the subject. - The verb used with it is always an action verb -the subject does the verb to the object (The car hit the tree) (She listened carefully buy could not hear the sound) |
|
|
What is a clause |
A word group containing a subject and a predicate (She saw the bird fly) (Though the bird flew right in front of her, she did not see it at all) |
|
|
What is a phrase |
Is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-predicate realationship (In the evening) (Walking down the hall) (Havjng noticed his attitude) |
|
|
What are the 2 kinds of clauses |
Dependent Independent (subordinate) |
|
|
What is an independent clause |
Can function on its own as a sentence -Can become a dependent ifnitnis begujnwithna dependent word (He is taller than his sister) -because he is taller than his sister, it is he who reaches the cookies on the top shelf |
|
|
What are restrictive and nonrrstrictive clauses |
(Essential or nonessential) Nonrrstrictive can be removed from a sentence without changing the sentences basic meaning - set apart for the rest of sentences by a comma (Derek, who is captain, has left the team) |
|
|
What are relative clauses |
Are dependent clauses introduced by a relative pronoun (that, which, whichever; Who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, of which) -relative pronoun is the subject of the verb and refers to some thing preceding the clause (James DVD, which had watched over and over again, was too scratched to be watched) (Charlie didn't make the team, which really upset his parents) |
|
|
What are independent clauses Clauses are combined in 3 different ways: |
Coordination Subordination Semicolon |
|
|
Coordination |
Involves joining independent clauses with one of the following coordinating conjunctions (And, but, or, nor, yet, so) (Sarah thought about joining band class, but she never talked to her friends about it) |
|
|
Subordination |
Involves turning one of the clauses into a subordinate elemt (cannot stand on its own) through a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun |
|
|
Semicolons |
Connect two independent clauses with it without the help of a conductive adverb -only used when both are equally important |
|
|
What are dependent clauses |
Can't stand by themselves and still make sence -act either as a kind of nouns or as some kind of modifier -has a subject and verb |
|
|
What are adverb clauses (dependent clauses) |
Provide information about what us going on in the main clause (where, when or why) (When the movie is over, well go downtown) (John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject) |
|
|
What are adjective clauses (dependnt clauses |
Work like mutli word adjectives (Me sister, who is a brainiac, figured it out for me) |
|
|
What are noun clauses (dependent clauses) |
Can do anything that nouns can do (What he knows( subject) is no concern of mine) -do you know what he knows (object) |
|
|
Be specific |
Avoid general statements about your subject |
|
|
What is a comma splice |
Use of a comma to join two independent clauses without the use of a coordinating conjunction -Can be replaced by a a period, conjunction with a comma, a conjunction without a comma or a semicolon |
|
|
Sentence fragments |
Don't have a subject of verb - Can be used in creative or informal writing) |
|
|
2 kinds of run on sentences |
- comma splice where two independent clauses are improperly connected -combining of several independent statements which go on too long |
|
|
What us plot summary |
The statement of plot, character or setting in a piece of setting Who It any discussion of meaning |
|
|
What are passive voice |
Verbs are wither active or passive in voice Active- the subject and verb relationship is straightforward (The instructor approved the students thesis statement) Passive-subject is neither a doer or beer but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (Studentz thesis statement was approved by the instructor) |
|
|
When is the passive voice more important |
1) when it is more important to draw attention to the person or thing acted upon (the car was hit in the rear) 2) when the actor/agent in the situation is not important (The test can be beaten) |
|
|
What is an argument |
Is a conclusion together with the premises that support it |
|
|
What is a premise |
Is a reason offered as support for another claim |
|
|
What is a conclusion |
Is a claim that is supported by a premise |
|
|
What us a syllogism |
A common form of deductive reasoning where two statements (a major premise and a minor premise) reach a logical conclusion - good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure an argument it valid (She doesn't like the cold Winter is cold Therefore she doesn't like winter) -untrue premise can still be logical |
|
|
What is valid argument |
An argument whose premise genuinely support it's conclusion |
|
|
What is an unsound argument |
An argument that has at least one false premise |
|
|
What is a fallacy |
Is an argument that relies upon faulty reasoning |
|
|
What arr overgeneralizations |
Are conclusions based on to littke evidence (Dallas won their first two games. They win all their games) |
|
|
What is circular reasoning |
Reasoning supports an opinion by restating it in different words (For whom the bell tolls is really popular because a lot of people like it) |
|
|
What are either or fallacy |
Assumes that a complex question has only two possible answers -used as a pre-emptive defense against better reasoning -often used to pressure people into adopting an over simplistic understanding of a complex situation (You're either with us or against us) |
|
|
What us a cause and effect fallacy |
Says one event causes another just because it comes before -also known as the correlation-equals-causation fallacy |
|
|
What is loaded language |
Is language meant to appeal to emotions rather than logic -relies on knowledge of word connotation (He is a scheming politician vs. A politician with a plan) |
|
|
What is equivocation |
The use of two different meaning if 1 word during the process of an argument (Exceptional (two different meanings) |
|
|
What is deductive reasoning |
Is a basic form of reasoning -begins with a general statement and examine the possibilities to reach a specific logical conclusion -reason form universal truths to particular conclusions |
|
|
What is inductive reasoning |
Make a generalizations from specific observations -reasons form particular facts to universal conclusions -even is all premises are true it allows for the conclusion to be false -venn diagrams |
|
|
Know |
Scientists use inductive reasoning to make hypotheses and theories Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations |
|
|
What are commas |
-Separates the elements if a series including the last two Oxford comma is the comma between the and -Can connect two independent clauses -Set off introductory phrases - Set off parenthetical elemente - when a city's name and state or country are mentioned -Separates coordinate adjectives - Set off quoted elements |
|
|
What us a parenthetical element |
Is a phrase which can be removed without altering the essential meaning of a sentence |
|
|
What is a colon |
-Used before a list or an explanation preceded by a clause that can stand by itself -introduce a vertical list -Separates an independent clause from a quotation that the clause introduces |
|
|
What is a semicolon |
-Can replace a period if there are two independent clauses which are closely linked -can separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas |
|
|
What is an apostrophe |
Can show possession (') -plural possession put it after the s - if two people put the s and ' after the second name (unless one is written as a pronoun (my)) -use with contractions -forming a plural of a word that isn't normally a noun (do's) |
|
|
What are subject verb agreement |
Singular subjects need singular verbs . Plural subjects need plural verbs |
|
|
Indefinite pronouns |
(Anyone, everyone, someone, nobody) are singular and need singular verbs -(some) can be single or plural (Determine if countable, noncountable is single and countable is plural |
|
|
Together with, as well as, along with |
Are not the same as and -phrase introduced by then modifiers the earlier word but it does not compound the subjects as the word and does |
|
|
Either or neither |
Are singular subjects though they seem to refer to two things |
|
|
Or |
When one or or is used the subject closer to the bar determine the number of the verb -whether the subject some before or after the verb doesn't matter |
|
|
Know |
Regular verbs in the present tense for third person singular subjects (her or she) have s endings (He loves) |
|
|
Know |
sometimes modifiers will get between a subject and it's verb |
|
|
Verb tense |
Verb alert the reader to whether the action is in the past, present or future |
|
|
What are the 4 present tenses |
1) present simple 2) present continuous 3) present perfect 4) present perfect continous |
|
|
What are the 4 past tenses |
1) past simple 2) past continuous 3) past perfect 4) past perfect continuous |
|
|
What are the 4 future tenses |
1) future simple 2) future continuous 3) future perfect 4) future perfect continuous |
|
|
What is simple present |
Shows a general action, actions that happen regularly or actions that may happen often (We play baseball at the sandlot) (She walks down the road) |
|
|
What is present continuous |
Describes an even happening right now Requires the auxiliary Verb "be" (We are leaving for Los Angeles) May ask i describe an event happening in the future as long as a clue word appears in the sentence (She is going on vacation next month) |
|
|
What is present perfect |
Connects the past to the present Conveys experiences, situational change, or an ongoing situation -requires the auxiliary Verb "have" (I have enjoyed this wine) |
|
|
What us present perfect continuous |
Connects the past to the present -present an action that has been going on in the past and has recently stopped in the present or an action that began in the past and is continuing in the present -requires the two auxiliary Verbs "have" and "been" (We have been waiting on the phone with customer service for two hours) |
|
|
What is simple past |
Shows a simple action that happened in the past -action is over and has no influence on the present (We played settlers of cataan all last night) |
|
|
What is past continuous |
An event at a specific moment in the past -sentences using that past continuous often alert the reader to a specific moment -requires the auxiliary Verb "be" (I was walking home at night when I heard a loud bang!) |
|
|
What is past perfect |
An event that occurred before another event that happened in the past -often relays on a sequence of events, especially in a narrative -requires the auxiliary Verb "had" (I hugged my children as soon as they had landed safely) |
|
|
What is perfect continuous |
Describes a long action in the past before another actions -assists the writer in sequencing an order of events -requires the two auxiliary Verb "had" and "been" (I had been hoping I studies enough to pass the test) |
|
|
What is simple future |
shows actions that have not happened yet but will happen in the future (We will call him tomorrow) |
|
|
What is future continuous |
Describes an event at a specific moment in the future -usually indntified this specific moment -requires the two auxiliary Verb "will" and "be" (We will be departing on April 6th) |
|
|
What is future perfect |
Describes the past in the future. It is used to describe an action that will be completed in the future -requires the two auxiliary Verb "will" and "have" (You will have completed the exam by now) |
|
|
What is future continuous |
Describes an even of some times being over in the future. -used to describe an event that a person will be involved in for considerable period of time -requires the three auxiliary Verbs "will" "have" and "been" ( She will have been a graduate by then) |
