The Urinary System

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The extracellular fluids surrounding the cells of the body are called

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interstitial fluid

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The kidneys regulate the volume of blood plasma and thereby contribute to the regulation of

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blood pressure

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In the body, the kidneys are found lateral to the

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vertebral column

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The adult kidney is about the size of a(n)

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fist

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The concave notch on the medial surface of the kidney is known as the

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hilus

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Each kidney is enclosed in white, fibrous tissue that forms a(n)

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capsule

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The long duct carrying urine away from the kidney is the

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ureter

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The two distinct regions of the kidney are the outer cortex and the inner

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medulla

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The triangular wedges of tissue composing the medulla of the kidney are referred to as

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renal pyramids

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A branch of the renal pelvis located at the apex of each renal pyramid is referred to as the

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minor calyx

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Urine is formed within the functional unit of the kidney, a structure called the

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nephron

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The number of nephrons in each kidney is over

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one million

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Arterial blood entering the kidney flows through the

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renal artery

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Blood flows into the glomerulus by means of a microscopic blood vessel called a(n)

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afferent arteriole

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Each glomerulus of the nephron is surrounded by a capsule called the

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glomerular capsule

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Filtrate enters the glomerular capsule from the glomerulus by the process of

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filtration

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The major force pushing blood plasma into the glomerular capsule is the pressure exerted by

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blood pressure

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In a single hour, the amount of blood plasma passing through the glomeruli is approximately

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7.5 liters

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The tubule of the nephron leading away from the glomerular capsule is the

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proximal convoluted tubule

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The transport of molecules from the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillary occurs by the process of

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active transport

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The surface area for reabsorption is increased in the wall of the proximal tubule by the presence of

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microvilli

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Active transport, which accounts for the reabsorption of amino acids and glucose, requires the expenditure of energy in the form of

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ATP

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The passage of chloride ions out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows the pumping out of

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sodium ions

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The accumulation of sodium chloride molecules in the peritubular capillary creates a(n)

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osmotic gradient

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The sodium chloride molecules accumulating in the peritubular capillary exert a pulling power on molecules of

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water

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The passage of water molecules from the proximal convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillary occurs by the process of

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osmosis

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The passage of sodium ions into the peritubular capillary occurs by active transport, a process that requires much

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energy

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The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the descending limb of the

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loop of Henle

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The descending limb extends down into the portion of the kidney known as the

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medulla

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In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, active transport brings about the reabsorption of

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sodium and chloride ions

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Water flows out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle into the surrounding tissues because they are

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hypertonic

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The water exiting the descending loop of Henle does so by the process of

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osmosis

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The mechanism of accounting for the passage of water out of the descending limb of Henle's loop, but not the ascending limb, is known as the

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countercurrent mechanism

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The accumulation of organic materials in the medulla includes a high concentration of the nitrogenous waste product known as

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urea

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The water released at the loop of Henle flows back into the bloodstream by means of capillaries and

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peritubular capillaries

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After leaving the loop of Henle, the fluid flows into the

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distal convoluted tubule

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In the process of tubular excretion, compounds are removed from the blood fluid into the

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distal convoluted tubule

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Among the molecules entering the nephron fluid by tubular excretion are hydrogen ions, ammonia, uric acid, and

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creatinine

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After leaving the distal convoluted tubule, the newly formed urine drips into the

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collecting duct

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The reabsorption of water in the nephron of the kidney is controlled in part by a hormone known as

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antidiuretic hormone

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The secretion of ADH is controlled by chemical receptors that respond to an increase in

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sodium and other ions

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The hormone ADH, which is involved in water reabsorption, is stored in the posterior lobe of the

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pituitary gland

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The adrenal hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions from the distal convoluted tubules is

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aldosterone

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In stimulating the reabsorption of sodium ions, the adrenal hormone also stimulates the reabsorption of

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water

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The secretion of potassium in the nephron of the kidney is regulated by the hormone

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aldosterone

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The waste product urea, which is present in the urine, is a product of amino acid metabolism taking place in the

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liver

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Chloride, sulfate, and phosphate ions are all found in the urine and all carry a charge that is

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negative

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Large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine are often a symptom of

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diabetes mellitus

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The pigments that give urine its color are derived from substances in the diet or from the pigment in RBCs known as

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hemoglobin

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The process of expelling urine from the body is referred to as

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micturition