Texes 232 Domain I: World History

Front 1

Neolithic Revolution

Back 1

Farming. Good water and soil sources.

Front 2

River Valley

Back 2

Indus River Valley. Civilizations that developed in what is now modern day India and Pakistan. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are significant cities because they had a form of indoor plumbing, brick buildings and advanced irrigation.

Front 3

Diffusion

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Most early civilization were connected either directly or indirectly through trade. Trade. One idea from one group is adopted by another group. Such as; religion, languages, writing systems and alphabets, weapons and tools, legal codes and customs.

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Polytheism

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Belief in many gods.

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Monotheism

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Belief in one god.

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Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 6

Did not have a written language. The Bantus spread their language through migration. The migration of Bantus led to the spread of settled agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Vedas

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Aryans' collection of writings which clearly defined specific classes or castes. The castes were based on skin color, therefore you were born into your caste. Lowest group was called the untouchables. Had to be reincarnated to move to another caste. These beliefs formed part of the polytheistic religion of Hinduism.

Front 8

Egyptians

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settled along the Nile River in 3100bc. Depended on the river for everything. Famous Giza pyramids. Excellent geometry and engineering skills. Form of writing was hieroglyphics. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt.

Front 9

China

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Huang He River. Mandate of Heaven government which meant the ruler had the blessing of Heaven. Dynastic Cycle meant emperor would gain power and then later be overthrown. Confucianism stressed proper behavior and respect. Taoism/Daoism finding peace. Legalism is government control and harsh punishment.

Front 10

Han Empire

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Trade along the Silk Roads gave the Han Empire wealth. These roads connected China and Asia to the Middle East.

Front 11

Mediterranean World

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Greece: sculptures of males, study of science, geometry and medicine, and democracy which were landowners that could prove their family heritage to Athens.
Rome: Had a Senate and all citizens voted. Julius Ceaser.

Front 12

Fuedalism

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Dominant political system of the European middle ages. King>Lords>knights> feudalism was governed by the code of chivalry

Front 13

Manorialism

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Economic system of the European middle ages. The manor was the land granted by the king to the lords and knights in exchange for military service. Serfs and pheasants provided physical labor.

Front 14

Norman Conquest of 1066

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William of Normandy invaded the isle of Britain. Defeated the king and took England as his own, and brought feudalism to England. He created a census, the Doomsday Book on who to tax.

Front 15

Crusades

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In 1095, Pope Urban II asked the kings of Europe to send knights to liberate the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslin Turks. The Crusades led to an increased trade between western Europe, Byzantium and the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, thereby promoting European economic expansion

Front 16

Guilds

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Limit workers so wages remain high. Artisan groups.

Front 17

Roman Catholic Church

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Roman empire religion. Led by Pope.

Front 18

Eastern Orthodox Church

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In 1054, the eastern part of the church which was centered in Constantinople broke away from the authority of Rome. The Eastern Orthodox Church became the major religious factor in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Although it was not as powerful as the Roman Catholic Church, it did exert great political power.

Front 19

Five Pillars of Islam

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Kuran, Quran. Muslims. Mohammad. performing surgery with anesthesia. The Thousand and one Arabian nights book. Algebra, grand palaces.

Five Pillars of Faith:
1. the declaration of faith
2. prayer five times a day facing mecca
3. fasting during the month of Ramadan (daylight)
4. alms giving (charity)
5. pilgrimage to Mecca once in your lifetime if healthy and can afford it.

Front 20

Silk Roads

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Trade along the Silk Roads gave the Han Empire wealth. These roads connected China and Asia to the Middle East.

Front 21

Charlemagne

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The emperor of the Romans. Long tradition of the Holy Roman Empire that had little to do with Greece.

Front 22

Aztecs

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Created an empire through conquering their neighbors. Had a written language and books. Lived in Central Mexico.

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Incas

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No written language, tied knots to count. Incan Empire connected by roads. South America.

Front 24

Black Death

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40% of the population of Europe died from the plague. Suspicions that Jews were poisoning wells.

Front 25

Gutenberg's Printing Press

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Invented in 1450. Books and ideas were spread quickly. Erasmus, Thomas Moore and Shakespeare were major writers.

Front 26

Renaissance

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Art, dancing, music, and science.

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Humanism

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Italian renaissance stressed human achievements.

Front 28

Atlantic Slave Trade

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Native Americans were dying out due to European diseases so they began to import slaves from Africa. About 12 million African slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas in a cruel and often deadly journey called the Middle Passage. Slavery was part of the triangular trade.

Front 29

Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther

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Officially began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on a church door. This document was a list of issues that Luther thought the catholic church should address. The selling of indulgences was the forgiveness of sins without formal confession. The protest against Catholicism began Protestantism. Luther rejected monasticism (monks and nuns) and recognized only two sacraments - baptism and communion.

Front 30

Mercantilism

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Economic policy dictated that colonies were set up to benefit the mother country.

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Absolutism

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The political philosophy that absolute rulers had absolute control over all aspects of government. Dominated in Europe at this time.

Front 32

Enlightenment

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Political and social theories that developed primarily in France in the 18th century. John Locke "life, liberty, and property". Right to freedom of speech. Applying reason and the scientific method to the study of all aspects of social and political life.

Front 33

1776

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The American Revolution. The 13 American colonies declared their independence from Britain.

Front 34

1789

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The French Revolution. Cause of revolution was severe economic crisis.

Front 35

Leonardo Da Vinci

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The "ideal" renaissance man. Skills in art, dancing, music and science. the last supper, mona lisa. painter.

Front 36

The Fall of Constantinople

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the capture of Constantinople, which occurred after a siege by the invading Ottoman Empire. Marked the end of the Roman Empire.

Front 37

Columbian Exchange

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The massive transfer of animals, plants and diseases between the Americas to Europe.

Front 38

Conquest of the Aztec and Incas

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The Spanish conquered the Aztecs (Hernando Cortes) and Incas (Francisco Pizarro) so quickly because of European diseases and gunpowder.

Front 39

Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire took control of most of the major trade routes connecting Europe to India and China. Ottomans as leaders of the Middle Eastern World. Ottoman Empire lasted until its defeat in WW1. The Ottoman Empire granted religious freedom to Jews and Christians. Ottomans were able to maintain internal peace for most of its 600 years history.

Front 40

Simon Bolivar

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Led the Latin American revolution. Spain placed severe economic and political limits on its Latin American colonies which led to the revolution. Achieved independence for most of the Spanish colonies of south America. Slavery was still common though.

Front 41

Charles Darwin

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Origin of Species. Animals that could adapt to climate survived while others died off.

Front 42

Karl Marx

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Proposed communism. Predicted a revolt where the masses would seize the factors of production from the owners.

Front 43

Industrial Revolution

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Urbanization, transportation, emergence of a middle class, child labor, clash of economic theories, increased imperialism, cheaper goods.

Front 44

British Empire

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By far the largest imperial power with colonies and possessions on every populated continent. "The sun never sets on the British Empire. India was one of its significant colonies.

Front 45

Fascism

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ITALY
: a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government
: very harsh control or authority

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Nazism

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GERMANY
The ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control of the economy.

Front 47

Communism

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a way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products

Front 48

Cold War

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U.S. versus soviet union after defeating Hitler. NATO allies vs Warsaw Pact. Soviet Union went bankrupt first so U.S. wins.
-Truman doctrine- Truman said the U.S. would help defend any country threatened by communism.
-détente-peaceful coexistence
-

Front 49

Nelson Mandela

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President of South Africa elected in 1994. Went to prison for 30 years for trying to put an end to apartheid, released in 1990.

Front 50

Mao Zedong

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Created a ommunist state. Started the cultural revolution which was anti western and anti intellectual

Front 51

1914-1918

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WWI causes:
rivalries caused by imperialism
massive arms buildup called militarism
the alliance system
nationalism
The Spark that started WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. A member of the Serbian terrorist organization called the Black Hand killed him. The Black Hand wanted to gain independence for the Serbians that lived in Austrian lands. Austria declared war on Serbia. Result: Austria lost most of its land.

Front 52

1939-1945

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WWII allies and axis. Officially began in 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland. In 1941 Japan invaded Pearl Harbor and U.S. entered WWII. 2 atomic bomb dropped on Japan leaded to their surrender and the end of the war.

Front 53

Russian Revolution

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A revolution in Russia led to its withdraw from WW1. Communism and Joseph Stalin came to charge..

Front 54

The Great Depression

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an international event that affected all parts of the globe. Economic conditions allowed totalitarian leaders to emerge, such as Adolph Hitler in Germany.

Front 55

Mother Teresa

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She dedicated her life to helping the poor of India.

Front 56

Mohandas Gandhi

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Led India to independence in 1947

Front 57

In which of the following ways did the migrations of Bantu-speaking peoples into many regions of sub-Saharan Africa in the period 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D. most fundamentally affect the continent?

Back 57

The migrations led to the spread of settled agriculture.

Front 58

If anyone is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. If the robber is not caught, then shall he who was robbed claim under oath the amount of his loss; then shall the community . . . on whose ground and territory and in whose domain [the robbery took place] compensate him for the goods stolen.

Back 58

Babylonian law applied both the concept of individual responsibility and the concept of collective responsibility in assigning penalties for crimes.

Front 59

Most early civilizations of Afro-Eurasia arose in physical environments that featured:

Back 59

proximity to a reliable freshwater source that could be used for crop irrigation.

Front 60

Which of the following was an effect of the Crusades on western Europe?

Back 60

The Crusades led to an increased trade between western Europe, Byzantium and the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, thereby promoting European economic expansion

Front 61

Which of the following statements best describes a major impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe?

Back 61

New food crops from the Western Hemisphere promoted better health and longer life spans in Europe

Front 62

Which of the following was the most significant effect on Europe of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (1453) and the eastern Mediterranean (1516–1517)?

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The Ottoman Empire took control of most of the major trade routes connecting Europe to India and China

Front 63

In contrast to the First Industrial Revolution, the Second Industrial Revolution was characterized mostly by:

Back 63

innovations in mass production and electrification.

Front 64

The Chinese government responded to the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square by:

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forcibly dispersing the demonstrations with tanks and troops.

Front 65

Which of the following best describes an important contribution of the ancient romans to western civilization?

Back 65

Their legal system had a major influence on the development of modern jurisprudence

Front 66

In ancient China, the concept of the Mandate of Heaven served which of the following purposes?

Back 66

legitimizing the transfer of power from one dynasty to another

Front 67

Which of the following best describes a major characteristic of classical Mayan civilization (AD250 to AD900)?

Back 67

Religious principles permeated all aspects of Mayan life.

Front 68

Which of the following features of Byzantine civilization between the sixth and tenth centuries most distinguished it from western societies of the period?

Back 68

the wealth and vitality of Byzantine cities

Front 69

In which of the following ways did the Crusades most influence the development of western European society?

Back 69

They motivated Europeans to establish permanent commercial contact with eastern lands.

Front 70

Enlightenment thinkers most influenced subsequent developments in European history by:

Back 70

applying reason and the scientific method to the study of all aspects of social and political life.

Front 71

The cultural exchanges that took place between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most influenced which of the following?

Back 71

global distribution of plant and animal life

Front 72

Which of the following was a major cause of the Latin American independence movements of the early nineteenth century?

Back 72

Spanish restrictions on colonial economic and political activity

Front 73

Territorial changes resulting from WWI played a major role in which of the following European conflicts in the later twentieth century?

Back 73

The wars among Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia (1991-1995)

Front 74

Nelson Mandela most directly influenced which of the following phases of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa?

Back 74

the effort to turn the African National Congress into an effective political force during the 1950s.

Front 75

Geography's Role in History

Back 75

Historically, geography has determined the destiny of civilizations. The first civilizations emerged along rivers and other water sources. Water provided the basis for the Neolithic Revolution-farming. Humans who were blessed with good water sources and good soil- all geographic factors-were able to spend less time hunting for food and more time inventing things like plows and ships with sails. This "technology" anything that makes life easier for humans would not have been possible in a less blessed geographic area.

Front 76

Ancient World Civilizations

Back 76

The earliest world civilizations demonstrate how innovative humans can be. In addition, the first aspects of government and religion were organized:
-Hammurabi's Code- became the first known written law code. Hammurabi ruled Babylon in modern day Iraq.
-The Egyptians built a society along the Nile River
-The Mayans dominated Central America
-Judaism and Christianity emerged in the Middle East
-Confucianism stressed proper behavior and respect. This formed the foundation of social relations to China.
-Hinduism and Buddhism emerged from India.
-The Han Empire of China was to Asia what the Roman Empire was to Europe. The wealth of the Han came from Trade along the Silk Roads.

Front 77

Classical Civilizations (Athens, Greece)

Back 77

"The Glory that was Greece" refers to the height of the Greek culture in Athens. Greek accomplishments included:
-the philosophy of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
-Architecture, like the columns of the Parthenon
-the birth of drama. Illiad and the Odyssey. these ancient poems were about the Trojan War which was ancient history to these Greeks.
-Idealized sculpture where men had bulging muscles
-systematic study of science, geometry, and medicine.
-Democracy. In Athens, all male citizens who could prove their grandfathers were citizens of Athens met and voted directly on issues.

Front 78

Classical Civilizations (Alexander the Great, Greek)

Back 78

Alexander the Great was a brilliant military leader who was a student of Aristotle. He was actually from Macedonia, just north of Greece, but adopted the Greek Culture as his own. One of his first actions was to reconquer all of Greece (his father had originally conquered it). He would go on to conquer the entire Mediterranean world, northern Africa, and Asia Minor before dying at age 32. His major contribution was spreading Greek culture-Hellenism. The Romans would later conquer most of his world.

Front 79

Classical Civilizations (Rome)

Back 79

"The Grandeur that was Rome"
Originally monarchs ruled the Romans, but in 509bc they overthrew the king and set up a Republic. The Romans allowed all citizens to vote for representatives to the senate. The Senate, representing the people, made the decisions.

The Romans began to expand and conquer their neighbors. One of the most successful conquerors was Julius Ceaser. Ceaser conquered Gual (modern-day France) and parts of modern-day Britain, and in 49bc he returned to Rome and declared himself emperor. After he was killed, his adopted son Octavian Ceaser (Augustus) seized power and started a dynasty of hereditary rulers. During this time, Rome began a 207 year period of peace called the Pax Romana. The major contributions of the Romans included spreading Greek culture, the Latin language, Roman architecture including the arch and dome, Roman law, baths, libraries, and the Roman alphabet (borrowed from Greece and Phoenicians)

After a series of weak rulers and attacks from the Hun and Germanic tribes, Rome started to crumble. Rime divided into two parts with an Eastern part centered in Constantinople (modern-day Turkey) and the Western part centered in Rome. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown in 476AD, the eastern part (Byzantine) continued to thrive until 1453 when Constantinople was conquered by Muslim conquerors.

Front 80

The Middle Ages

Back 80

After the fall of the roman empire in 476AD, Europe became chaotic and the church, under the authority of the bishop of rome (pope), provided basic protections that were lost with the fall of rome.

The church blessed the reign of kings and was the dominant political power of Europe. Many people went on pilgrimages to religious shrines. Massive cathedrals were built to accommodate the huge number of pilgrims. These cathedrals were built in either the Romanesque or the later Gothic architectural styles.

The dominant political system was feudalism that developed to try to protect Europe from the Viking invasions. The king was at the top of feudalism, Lords were under the King, and the Knights were under the Lord. The Code of Chivalry governed feudalism.

The economic system of the European middle ages was Manorialism. The manor was the land granted by the King to the lords and knights in exchange for military service. Serfs and pheasants provided physical labor. Manors were self-sufficient with vast farmland, artisans, and normally a small church.

The population of cities increased. Many people in the cities were skilled workers. To control the number of peoples involved in each activity (limit the workers so that wages remain high), guilds were formed for each artisan group. Cities also became the center for banking and manufacturing.

Front 81

The Byzantine World

Back 81

Constantinople became extremely wealthy through its control of the Dardanelles Straits. Since they controlled these traits, they charged a "toll" on all ships that passed through. The most famous ruler was Justinian who compiled all his laws in to the Justinian Code.

Front 82

King Henry VIII

Back 82

England king who wanted a divorce because he wanted a son and his wife couldn't give him one. Asked the pope for an annul(divorce) and he repeatedly said no. So England broke with the Catholic church and proclaimed the king the head of the church of England

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Portugal's Prince Henry

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Prince Henry opened a navigation school in Portugal to train sailors. The goal was to sail around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. In 1487 Vasco da Gama accomplished this goal. Portugal immediately set up trading ports along the eastern coast of Africa and along the coast of Asia.

Front 84

Line of Demarcation

Back 84

In 1494 the Pope negotiated a line of line of demarcation that was set up in the treaty of Tordesillas. This agreement between Spain and Portugal divided the world by a line of longitude. Everything to the west of this line would belong to Spain and everything to the east of this line would belong to Portugal.

Front 85

Louis XIV

Back 85

France. He said as king he was God's representative on earth. Absolutism ruler. "I am the state"

Front 86

Isaac Newton

Back 86

gravity. physics. calculus.

Front 87

liberalism

Back 87

enlightenment. freedom of speech, religion, and press, equality in law. American and French revolutions.

Front 88

conservatism

Back 88

the monarchs and nobility of Europe. stressed traditional Europe where power, wealth, and privilege, were firmly in the hands of royalty and nobility.

Front 89

nationalism

Back 89

pride a people have in their shared religion, language, and or history.

Front 90

capitalism

Back 90

was described in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. One of Smith' major arguments was that the government should not interfere with the economy-laissez faire. This was a direct challenge to monarchs and governments that had relied upon mercantilism and other controls of the economy.

Front 91

socialism

Back 91

advocated the public ownership of the means of production

Front 92

communism

Back 92

karl marx. predicted a revolt where the masses would seize the factors of production from the owners.

Front 93

The Holocaust

Back 93

Hitler's efforts to ride Europe of those whom he defined as inferior resulted in the deaths of an estimated 12 million people.

Front 94

United Nations 1945

Back 94

formed in 1945, unlike its failed predecessor, League of Nations, the United Nations included the U.S. and most other countries.

Front 95

NAFTA

Back 95

north American free trade agreement. mexico, u.s., and Canada. free trade.