A series of crusades would eventually lead to converting many lands converting to Christianity as well as spreading European authority. Our textbook notes the comparison of crusades to jihads (ch 12, p 437). Except for Lithuania, nearly all of Europe was Christian by the thirteenth century. (ch 12, p 437). Later, Lithuanian kings converted to Christianity when their kingdom became merged with Poland (ch 12, p 457). According to the textbook Crusades were wars determined by the papacy against enemies of the Christian faith and in addition to this, taking part in a crusade gives a Christian forgiveness in their sins (ch 12, p …show more content…
The European Renaissance was the revival of interest in the culture, literature, and art of ancient Greece and Rome (ch 12, p 471). Our textbook explains that European scholar’s study of the Renaissance was also noted to be Renaissance Humanism (ch 12, p 476-477). Urbanization and population growth instilled urban cathedral schools which influenced intellectual growth known as what our textbooks call the Twelfth- Century Renaissance. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy were used to examine the world (ch 12, p 471-472). Additionally our book informs scholasticism was seen as a means to placate Christianity with Arabic and Ancient Greek Philosophy (ch 12, p 476-477). Abundance, trade, and improvements in military would lead to further exploration beyond Europe (ch 12, p 476-477). For Example, Spanish and Portuguese sailors explored the the Atlantic and West Africa until the fifteenth century’s end when they discovered continents from the Western Hemisphere (ch 12, p 476-477). Overall, Europe saw growth and expansion of power due to growth of towns and trade, agricultural growth, religion, the European Renaissance, and how abundance and innovations helped the exploration and trade with other