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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stuttering (definition) |
Disfluency symptoms (repetitions, prolongations, blocks) and reactive symptoms to the disfluency (ABC: affective, behavioral, cognitive) |
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Basic disfluency types |
Repetitions = sound, syllable, word. Developed early. Prolongations = sound/airflow continues to even after articulation has stopped. Developed later. Blocks = airflow/phonation stops. Most troubling for speaker. - oral blocks (no movement) - laryngeal blocks (no voice) - respiratory blocks (no airflow) |
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Factors that contribute to disfluency severity |
Forcefulness Tension Unnaturalness |
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Conditions decreasing disfluency |
Singing Whispering Speaking alone Speaking in new way Choral speaking Masking Rhythmic speaking Speaking slowly Decreasing communicative demands |
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Reactions to stuttering (ABC) |
Affective (feel) = feelings Behavioral (do) = secondary/concomitant behaviors Cognitive (think) = thoughts/attitudes |
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Affective reactions to stuttering |
Frustration Embarrassment Anxiety Fear/shame/humiliation Self-consciousness Self-hatred/anger/bitterness |
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Behavioral reactions to stuttering |
Physical struggle (grimaces, facial tension, body language) Escape behaviors (eye blinks, head nods, finger tapping) Avoidance behaviors (cover mouth, look away, give up speech attempt, avoid speaking)
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Cognitive reactions to stuttering |
Awareness Generalization Poor self-image Reduced aspiration |
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Who Stutters |
1% of people Onset = 1.5 - 3.5yrs Age = young children more Sex = 3:1 (male:female) Race = no diff Higher in special populations Lower in deaf populations |
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Normal disfluency |
<10 disfluencies per 100 words Sound/word only repeated once/twice (c-car) 1-2 extra interjections (uh...) |
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Prognosis/Recovery for stuttering |
No clear clinical marker Positive factors - early onset - being female - having better phonological/language skills Negative factors - family hx of stuttering - onset after age 3.5yrs - other speech/language issues - sensitive temperament |
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Dynamics of advanced stuttering |
Adaptation = reduction in stuttering with retries of an utterance Consistency = stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered Adjacency = if words removed, stuttering occurs on words near those that were stuttered Expectancy = stuttering tends to occur on words the speakers thinks will be stuttered |
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Conditions that reduce stuttering |
Manner - singing - whispering - slow speech Context - talk to animal/infant - talk in unison - talk with masking |
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Explanations of stuttering |
Constitutional/biological factors = genetics/family hx that predisposes someone to stutter Developmental/Environmental factors = overload from external/internal pressures; stuttering as learned behavior (diag Learning factors = Psychological factors = |
