Comps Stuttering

Front 1

stuttering theory is based on what type of model?

Back 1

Whose??? multi-factorial. It is a dynamic non linear disorder

Front 2

what is the numeric to remember all the factors that lead to stuttering?

Back 2

Glorious Ninja Ants Party Loudly Everywhere. Which stands for genetics; neuro-physological predisposition; anxiety;phonology;language; environment

Front 3

What are the factors that contribute to a person's predisposition to stutter?

Back 3

genetics and a neuro-physiological difference

Front 4

What are the factors that support the genetic cause or predisposition to stutter ?

Back 4

Proband Studies. Twin Studies and family aggregation studies. Ratio of males to females... males and females who stutter had different chromosomes in which the strongest signs for the possible presence of genes underlying stuttering were found.

Front 5

what do proband studies tell us about the genetic predisposition to stutter?

Back 5

The incidence of familial stuttering is significantly higher in probands, an individual who stutters, compared to the normal population. In a study looking at preschoolers who stutter, it was found that 45% of probands had an immediate family member who stutters while 71% had an extended family member who stuttered (Kraft and Yairi, 2011)

Front 6

what do twin studies tell us about the genetic predisposition to stutter?

Back 6

Twin studies have shown that 50-70% of stuttering can be attributable to genes; however, since concordance rates are not 100% this indicates that additional factors aside from genetics must play a role in the development and maintenance of stuttering.

Front 7

what do family aggregation studies tell us about the genetic predisposition to stutter?

Back 7

Have allowed researchers to look more fully into the family history of individuals who stutter and their patterns of genetic transmission. Studies have found that no single gene, but an array of gene mutations in individuals who stutter; Further studies are needed in this area.

Front 8

What are the clinical implications relating to the genetic predisposition to stutter?

Back 8

50% of individuals who stutter have a family member who stutters.
65% of those that have a family member who stutters,.... follows that pattern for recovery.

Seek to obtain info about the speech/language/stuttering probs in the clients family history. educate family about the genetic factors.
family Hx: predictor for persistence and recovery but not severity. (kraft & Yairi, 2011)
Could include that in the future, there may be a type of gene therapy in the future.

Front 9

what are the 2 ways that a person can be neuo-physiologically predisposed to stutter?

Back 9

differences in the anatomy of the brain and differences in the functioning and activation of the brain

Front 10

what are the 5 anatomic neuro-physiologic differences that are shown with neuro-imaging?

Back 10

atypical cerebral blood flow. increased volume and activation in the right hemisphere. increased density of gray matter. decreased white matter in the left hemisphere. overactive motor regions and underactive auditory cortex in people who stuttter

Front 11

what are the functional neuro-physiological differences in people who stutter?

Back 11

production activation of motor movements (artic) precedes planning of movements. They talk before they plan.

Front 12

what are the clinical implications of the fact that PWS are neuro-physiologically predisposed to do so?

Back 12

treatment can normalize the activation pattern. Support for early intervention because adults have more gray matter in the right hemi then children

Front 13

what does more gray matter in the right hemisphere of adults have to do with anything?

Back 13

it suggests that they have developed compensatory strategies. This supports neuroplasticity is shown by excess gray matter,

Studies have shown that behavioral treatment can improve and or normalize brain activation patterns. This supports the efficacy and benefits of long term treatment and the ability for the brain to compensate and change over time. (Neuroplasticity)

Front 14

What are the 4 factors that contribute to the maintenance and development of stuttering?

Back 14

Anxiety. Phonology. Language. Environment.

Front 15

How does anxiety contribute to the development and maintenance of stuttering?

Back 15

Highly variable within individuals who stutter, supports multifactoral model. anxiety may be a contributing factor, however not causal.
Also can include train anxiety (transient) or and trait anxiety (stable).
some may have an increased level of autonomic nervous system activity.Individuals who stutter may be less able to cope with heightened arousal, possibly due to a less stable neuromotor system.
children who stutter report lower self esteem and negative speech associated attitudes (Vanryckeghem, Brutten, and Hernandez, 2005)

Front 16

what are the clinical implications related to the fact that anxiety may contribute to the development or maintenance of stuttering?

Back 16

anxitey levels are variable accross individuals and and they are not causal factors on their own: however, anxitey and arousal may trigger the predisposition to stutter or increase the already present disfluencies in individuals who stutter: Therefore, psycho-emotional and psychological factors are often addressed by clinicians. you should assess a clients attitudes about talking with the cat or kitty cat. use anxiety reduction techniques.Make referrals.

Front 17

How does phonology contribute to the development and maintenance of stuttering?

Back 17

No clear connection between phonological skills and children who stutter; severe disfluecy did not negatively affect phonological skills.
moderate phonological deficites did not affect stuttering severity.
Studies showed that among groups with similar phonological processing, when the language complexity and task complexity were increased individuals who stutter preformed at a lower level; although within normal limits.
It is possible that subtle differences in phonological processing may influence the occurrence and persistence of stuttering.

Front 18

What does phonology tell us about the prognosis of a client who stutters?

Back 18

each individual child should be assessed for phonological deficits and treated on an individual basis. If a phonological disorder is present and concurrent then will help guide treatment goals and influence targets for fluency.

Front 19

what are the clinical implications related to the fact that phonology may contribute to the development or maintenance of stuttering?

Back 19

need to assess a clients phonology. target both phonology and stuttering within intervention.Must also consider the complexity and cognitive load on the individuals phonological processing and remember that increasing phonological demands may increase disfluency.
\ but will increase cognitive load.

Front 20

How does language contribute to the development and maintenance of stuttering?

Back 20

someone who stutters will usually have language skills within normal limits but behind peers. does not correlate with persistence, like phonolgy dificites

Front 21

what are the clinical implications relating to language affecting stuttering?

Back 21

demands capacity model.
context and vocabulary familiarity may also impact stuttering .
Less contextualization negatively impacts stuttering.
Use a treatment hierarchy which includes providing and then decreasing contextual suppost

Front 22

what is the demands capacity model?

Back 22

The demands copacity model,

Front 23

what is the other model and what does it tell us?

Back 23

?

Front 24

How does environment contribute to the development and maintenance of stuttering?

Back 24

parents do not cause stuttering. but there are learned parts: secondary characteristics; vicarious learning (shame and guilt) operant conditioning

Front 25

.

Back 25

.

Front 26

Six Demensions of the stuttering disorder are:

Back 26

Other Peaples Pets Are Curiously Special:
Overt Characteristics: interruptions of speech that include respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory levels. (repetitions, prolongations, , cesations of sound, and so on.
Physical concomanants:
Physiological activity: heart rate, pupil responses, brainwave activity,
Affective Features: strong emotional reactions regarding talking.
Cognitive Processes
Social dynamics

Front 27

how many extra units of repetition will a person who stutters have?

Back 27

2-3 extra units. they will say ba ba ba ball.

Front 28

what is a normal amount of repetitions, for someone who doesn't stutter?

Back 28

1 unit of repetition.they may say ba ball and not be considered a stutterer

Front 29

How many stuttering like disfluencies will a person have who stutters?

Back 29

3 or more disfluencies per 100 syllables

Front 30

will a person who does not stutter experience prolongations and blocks?

Back 30

no. if a person blocks or prolongates they are considered to be stuttering.

Front 31

what percent of people who stutter experience secondary characteristics?

Back 31

75%

Front 32

do people who stutter repeat syllables and words at a faster or slower rate than typical peers?

Back 32

faster

Front 33

prologations longer than what are a strong indicator of stuttering?

Back 33

prolongations longer than 1/2 second is considered an intense disruption...Yairi and Seery p 11., 2011

Front 34

what are the types of stuttering like disfluencies?

Back 34

According to Yairi & Ambrose, 1992a
SLD are:
sound or part word repetition
momosyllabic word repetition
dysrhythimic phonation
prolongations
arrests of speech (blocks)
Other disfluencies:
Phrase repetition
revision
interjections

Front 35

how many disfluencies out of the list of 7 will a person have to be classified as someone who stutters?

Back 35

3 out of the 7

Front 36

what are factors or clues that suggest persistent stuttering?

Back 36

Males. a late age of onset (4-5 years). family history, stuttering for 6 months. sound prolongations.

Males have a higher incidence

Front 37

what are not indicators of persistant stuttering?

Back 37

severity in the first year, head and neck movements in the first year and awareness of stuttering in the first year

Front 38

How do you Assess a client's stuttering behaviors?

Back 38

do the cat or kitty cat. do the SS!-4. Do Yairi and Ambrose's method of analyzing stuttering and other disfluencies.

Front 39

what else do you need to assess when you suspect a client is stuttering?

Back 39

hearing, phonology and language (with a formal assessment) and screen their voice. also make sure to get a good case history.

Front 40

What percent of children who stutter, recover by age 8?

Back 40

40%

Front 41

how many children out of 5, who being stuttering, recover?

Back 41

4 out 5 children naturally recover
about 80%

Front 42

what is the percentage of males to females who stutter?

Back 42

According to Bloodstein 3:1