Sociology Final

Front 1

A social category of people who share a common culture (i.e., language, national background orreligion) is referred to as a(n) _____.

Back 1

ethnic group

Front 2

In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must

Back 2

share an identity they see as different from that of others on society

Front 3

Racial groups are defined by

Back 3

How the groups have been treated historically

Front 4

Sociologists refer to the process by which something or someone is perceived as having racialcharacteristics as _____

Back 4

racialization

Front 5

What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society

Back 5

The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society

Front 6

Which of the following does not apply to all minority groups

Back 6

being smaller in number than the dominant group

Front 7

Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false

Back 7

Most of the time the quick judgments that people make are remarkably comprehensive and accurate.

Front 8

The _____ principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominentand obvious about them

Back 8

salience

Front 9

The principle of ______ holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often appliedinterchangeable from one group to another.

Back 9

stereotype interchangeability

Front 10

Prejudice is

Back 10

usually negative

Front 11

A prejudiced person is likely to have

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have positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes towardmembers of an out-group

Front 12

How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way

Back 12

Socialization into prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media andpeers.

Front 13

Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that

Back 13

there is a close correlation between the racial and ethnic attitudes of parents and those of theirchildren

Front 14

Measurements of economic inequality indicate that

Back 14

the poverty rate is higher for Blacks and Hispanics than it is for Whites and Asians

Front 15

Sociologists find that racism

Back 15

is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior

Front 16

Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racialoppression is considered ______.

Back 16

symbolic or laissez-faire racism

Front 17

Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination

Back 17

Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should bescrutinized more closely than others.

Front 18

_____ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent theirfrustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.

Back 18

Scapegoat theory

Front 19

The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minoritygroups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains towhich type of sociological theory?

Back 19

functionalist theory

Front 20

Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members ofminority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of _____ theory.

Back 20

symbolic interactionist

Front 21

Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on thepart of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except

Back 21

all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

Front 22

In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologistWilliam Julius Wilson argues that

Back 22

changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances ofdifferent groups

Front 23

The view that race intersects with class to shape one’s experience in the social structure is aperspective related to ____

Back 23

conflict theory

Front 24

The perspective that argues that minority groups’ life chances result from the opportunities formedby the interactions of class, race, and gender is called _____.

Back 24

the intersection perspective

Front 25

_____ believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms ofresistance to oppression.

Back 25

Conflict theorists

Front 26

Anti-Semitism is the term for

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hatred of Jewish people

Front 27

Persons with the _____ perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minorityperson needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.

Back 27

assimilation

Front 28

Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model

Back 28

It does not account for language barriers between groups

Front 29

Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true

Back 29

De facto segregation still exists

Front 30

The Civil Rights Movement

Back 30

was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi

Front 31

Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes

Back 31

the different gender roles found in different countries

Front 32

Research on biological determinism has found that

Back 32

there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in earlychildhood.

Front 33

The condition of having mixed biological sex characteristics is called _____.

Back 33

intersexed

Front 34

The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.

Back 34

gender socialization

Front 35

One’s definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one’s _____.

Back 35

gender identity

Front 36

Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one’s appearance. Studies of genderidentity and body image have found that

Back 36

by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about theirappearance.

Front 37

Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that

Back 37

All of these choices are true

Front 38

When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they

Back 38

heighten boys’ sense of importance.

Front 39

Since the passage of Title IX in 1972

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discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.

Front 40

Researchers on the influence of television has found that

Back 40

both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable

Front 41

According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negativeconsequence for men the results from conformity to gender roles?

Back 41

Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being as diagnosed with eatingorders as often as women.

Front 42

In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike?

Back 42

both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented

Front 43

How is homophobia related to gender socialization?

Back 43

Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.

Front 44

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resourcesaccording to gender?

Back 44

gender stratification

Front 45

Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women withina society?

Back 45

Work is highly segregated according to sex

Front 46

The extreme exclusion of women from public life, practiced in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime,is termed _____.

Back 46

gender apartheid

Front 47

Gender stratification is supported by

Back 47

a belief that treats gender inequality as nature

Front 48

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

Back 48

requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.

Front 49

Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap?

Back 49

Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.

Front 50

Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages

Back 50

as the result of individual characteristics of workers

Front 51

The _____ labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistentpromotion ladders, and few benefits.

Back 51

secondary

Front 52

Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women’semployment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false?

Back 52

Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.

Front 53

Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domesticresponsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.

Back 53

the second shift

Front 54

According to _____, men and women fill complementary gender roles and this arrangement benefits

Back 54

functionalism

Front 55

From a ______ perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women’s labor anddevalue women’s work.

Back 55

conflict

Front 56

Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through socialinteraction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed ______.

Back 56

“doing gender”

Front 57

The perspective of ______ feminism has been used to support many legal changes to bring aboutgreater equality for women in the United States.

Back 57

liberal

Front 58

Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers,

Back 58

they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly.

Front 59

Which of these statements about the status of women worldwide is true?

Back 59

The global division of labor is gendered, with women providing cheap labor for manufacturing.

Front 60

The Equal Rights Amendment:

Back 60

has not been passed.

Front 61

From a sociological perspective, sex

Back 61

is rooted in social norms, values, and institutions.

Front 62

The term for the attraction that a person feels for others of the same or of a different sex is _____.

Back 62

sexual orientation

Front 63

What is the term for the definition that one has of oneself, that involves one’s sexual relationships?

Back 63

sexual identity

Front 64

What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity?

Back 64

Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within asocial context.

Front 65

Sexual behavior is not uniform among all societies. There is evidence that

Back 65

sexual behaviors vary by social context

Front 66

In some cultures women do not believe that orgasm exists. Sociologists view this as evidence that

Back 66

sexual attitudes and behavior vary cross-culturally.

Front 67

Which of the following statement is true of sexual values and attitudes in American society?

Back 67

People have more sexual partners over a lifetime than in the past.

Front 68

Research on how sexual identity is learned indicates that

Back 68

sexual socialization takes place at a very early age.

Front 69

The sociological term for the sets of behaviors and roles that children follow when playing “house” or“doctor” is _____.

Back 69

sexual scripts

Front 70

The law dictates who is permitted to legally marry, and the media influence attitudes towardsexuality. From a sociological perspective these examples demonstrate that

Back 70

social institutions play a large role in directing human sexuality

Front 71

Children learn sexual scripts by all of the following, except:a. playing games.

Back 71

sexual experience.

Front 72

Redlight districts, sex in advertising, and prostitution are all examples of

Back 72

the connection between sex and economic forces in society

Front 73

Government support for particular birth control technologies

Back 73

is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior.

Front 74

When it comes to attitudes in the U.S. toward gays and lesbians,

Back 74

most people believe that homosexual relations between consenting adults should be legal

Front 75

In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that:

Back 75

private sexual relations are a constitutional liberty.

Front 76

. The theoretical perspective that sees sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequalityin society is _____.

Back 76

conflict theory

Front 77

According to _____ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of powerimbalances between men and women

Back 77

conflict

Front 78

A person’s sexual identity

Back 78

may change throughout at some point in his or her lifetime.

Front 79

The introduction of queer theory

Back 79

furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexualexpression

Front 80

Sexual politics refers to

Back 80

the link between sexuality and power in society.

Front 81

Having casual sexual relations, from kissing to sexual intercourse, without any commitment has beentermed ______.

Back 81

hooking up

Front 82

The group most vulnerable to sexual exploitation is _____

Back 82

poor women and women of color

Front 83

Germany recently legalized gay and lesbian relationships, allowing same-sex couples to register theirpartnership. This is used in the text to illustrate the that

Back 83

tolerance for gay and lesbian relationships varies significantly throughout the world.

Front 84

The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexualactivity is termed ____

Back 84

sex tourism

Front 85

Historically, how have sociologists approached the study of the experience of gays and lesbians?

Back 85

as a form of deviance

Front 86

Sociological study of homophobia has found that

Back 86

it may be deeply embedded in individuals’ definitions of themselves.

Front 87

Heterosexism refers to

Back 87

the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only legitimate sexual orientation.

Front 88

Though not supported by traditional institutions, gay and lesbian couples

Back 88

are more likely to adopt equal relationship roles.

Front 89

Research on gay and lesbian relationships has found that

Back 89

the quality of the relationship is better when the couple receives social support.

Front 90

Reproduction remains largely controlled by:

Back 90

men

Front 91

Since the legalization of abortion, the number abortions has

Back 91

decreased.

Front 92

Public opinion about abortion

Back 92

has remained relatively constant over the last 20 years

Front 93

The right to abortion was first established in constitutional law by the _____ decision in 1973.

Back 93

Roe v. Wade

Front 94

Which of the following groups is most likely to have an abortion

Back 94

young women, ages 20-29

Front 95

The American Psychological Association defines sexualization as including any of the followingconditions, except:

Back 95

Children are involved in sexual activity more than what would traditionally be consideredappropriate.

Front 96

In the U.S., the most commonly-held attitude toward pornography is that it

Back 96

is protected by the constitutional guarantees of free speech and freedom of the press.

Front 97

Most teen pregnancies in the U.S.

Back 97

are correlated with poverty and low educational attainment.

Front 98

Sexual coercion or rape is primarily a consequence of

Back 98

power and dominance resulting from inequality

Front 99

The _____ refers to the widespread changes in men’s and women’s roles and a greater publicacceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development

Back 99

sexual revolution

Front 100

Which of the following statements is false about sex and social change?

Back 100

The sexual revolution has eliminated the influence of gender in sexual relationships.

Front 101

Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of family?

Back 101

a social unit related by blood and bound together by love

Front 102

Within the U.S., polygamy

Back 102

is illegal

Front 103

What type of marriage is most common in the U.S. today?

Back 103

monogamy

Front 104

In the United States, interracial marriage is

Back 104

increasing, but infrequent.

Front 105

Barbra is a very close family friend – she is actually considered part of the family. Barbra may beconsidered

Back 105

fictive kin.

Front 106

The emergency of the nuclear family in the United States was a result of which major event?

Back 106

The Industrial Revolution

Front 107

The family wage system

Back 107

paid men more than women based on the assumption that they were the breadwinner.

Front 108

Historically, family structure in the U.S.

Back 108

Has been shaped by slavery, migration, poverty, & laws that impeded family formation

Front 109

_____ are particularly interested in the way in which families create stability by teaching people thenorms and values of society

Back 109

Functionalists

Front 110

During periods of rapid social change, families experience social disorganization and this createssocial problems. This is part of the _____ view of families.

Back 110

functionalist

Front 111

According to _____ the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society.

Back 111

conflict theory

Front 112

The theoretical perspective that is most concerned with the fact that families are genderedinstitutions that reflect the gender hierarchies in society is _____.

Back 112

feminist theory

Front 113

_____ is concerned with how people define and negotiate family relationships.

Back 113

symbolic interaction theory

Front 114

The major cause of marital disruption today is:

Back 114

divorce.

Front 115

Approximately _____ of children live with one parent.

Back 115

one-fourth

Front 116

In addition to the high divorce rate, the other primary cause of female single-parent households is

Back 116

the high rate of pregnancy among unmarried teens.

Front 117

Sociologists have found that most of the problems faced by households headed by women areprimarily the result of

Back 117

the threat of poverty that is connected with being a single mother

Front 118

Research on children in gay and lesbian households has found that

Back 118

there is very little difference in outcomes for the children of gay and lesbians and the children ofheterosexuals.

Front 119

Research on cohabitation has found that

Back 119

couples who cohabited prior to marriage have lower levels of marital quality than couples whodid not.

Front 120

The boomerang generation refers to people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four who

Back 120

return home to live with their parents

Front 121

The likelihood of divorce is greater for couples who

Back 121

marry young

Front 122

Sociological studies of patterns of family violence have found that

Back 122

the most common form of child abuse is neglect

Front 123

Religion is an institutionalized system of _____ by which a group of people interprets and responds towhat they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

Back 123

a. symbols b. beliefs c. values d. all of the above

Front 124

Moral proscriptions for behavior established by religions

Back 124

often come to be viewed as right and inviolable.

Front 125

The term secular means

Back 125

having to do with ordinary, nonreligious life.

Front 126

Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion?

Back 126

Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.

Front 127

The United States is commonly described as being based on a(n) _____ heritage.

Back 127

Judeo-Christian

Front 128

What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.?

Back 128

In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion

Front 129

Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following, except

Back 129

collecting information through the Census.

Front 130

Church membership and attendance in the U.S.

Back 130

is higher for women than for men, and for older more than younger people.

Front 131

Which of these major world religions is polytheistic?

Back 131

Hinduism

Front 132

Christianity would be categorized as a _____ religion

Back 132

patriarchal

Front 133

What term did Durkheim give to the body of religious beliefs that give people a sense of belonging?

Back 133

collective consciousness

Front 134

Durkheim’s emphasis on rituals and shared meanings fits with which types of sociological theory?

Back 134

functionalism and symbolic interactionism

Front 135

Weber’s analysis of the Protestant ethic demonstrates

Back 135

that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture.

Front 136

It is the belief of _____ that religion was developed by the oppressed to relieve their distress.

Back 136

conflict theory

Front 137

The largest religion in the world (measured in numbers of followers) is _____.

Back 137

Christianity

Front 138

Sects are

Back 138

offshoots of establishes churches

Front 139

Research indicates that faith-based organizations

Back 139

enhance the participation of traditionally disadvantaged groups in the democratic process.

Front 140

What is the role of religion in the process of social change?

Back 140

religion may have a conservative influence, but may also be liberating

Front 141

Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in _____.

Back 141

1900

Front 142

Schooling refers to

Back 142

formal, institutionalized education

Front 143

High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact,

Back 143

Hispanics have the lowest graduation rates, compared with Whites and Blacks.

Front 144

The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private and home schooling. How doeshome schooling compare with other forms of education?

Back 144

Ninety-five percent of the elementary aged children who were home schooled in 2000 wereWhite.

Front 145

The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores.According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation’s standing?

Back 145

inequality within the education system

Front 146

from a(n) _____ perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes

Back 146

conflict

Front 147

The _____ perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students andteachers interact.

Back 147

symbolic interactionist

Front 148

Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with

Back 148

symbolic interactionism

Front 149

The teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student’s actual ability. What explains thiseffect?

Back 149

the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 150

What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status?

Back 150

The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal offormal education.

Front 151

What is the relationship between income, gender, and education?

Back 151

At every level of education the average income of men is higher than the average income of women

Front 152

How are occupation, class, and education related?

Back 152

One’s occupation is heavily influenced by social class background and formal education.

Front 153

A major criticism of standardized ability tests is of what they consider “standardized” knowledge. Infact, research indicates that they

Back 153

predict future school performance for White males better than for others.

Front 154

Standardized ability tests are best at predicting future school performance for _____.

Back 154

White males

Front 155

Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:

Back 155

detracking penalizes high achieving students.

Front 156

What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind?

Back 156

The racial achievement gap has widened.

Front 157

When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine

Back 157

the practice of medicine was transformed into a science.

Front 158

Health care is _____

Back 158

a matter of science and an elaborate social structure

Front 159

Recently, obesity has become

Back 159

defined as a public health problem.

Front 160

Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates?

Back 160

Mid-South

Front 161

More than _____ of new cases of AIDS are the result of male-to-male sexual contact.

Back 161

one-half

Front 162

Most women who acquire AIDS do so

Back 162

through heterosexual contact

Front 163

According to the _____ perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are theprevention and treatment of disease.

Back 163

functionalist

Front 164

According to the _____ perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system andprivatization has lead to excessive cost.

Back 164

conflict

Front 165

According to the _____ perspective, structural inequality is a major source of problems within thehealth care system.

Back 165

conflict

Front 166

Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed?

Back 166

symbolic interaction theory

Front 167

Symbolic interactionists who have studied the meanings conveyed during interaction betweenhealth care providers and the poor have found that

Back 167

the poor are treated as if they should be happy with whatever care they get

Front 168

Immunization against childhood diseases is widely taken for granted. In reality, how isimmunization distributed throughout the U.S.?

Back 168

Many inner city and rural residents are suspicious of or don’t understand the importance ofimmunizations for children.

Front 169

How is access to health care in the U.S. distributed throughout the population?

Back 169

Health care is more available in urban and suburban areas than in rural areas.

Front 170

The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called _____.

Back 170

epidemiology

Front 171

Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes thatimmigrants to the U.S.

Back 171

experience social distance from health care providers that makes them reluctant to seek care.

Front 172

Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that

Back 172

people with lower incomes do not generally rate their health as excellent.

Front 173

Research on gender and health finds that

Back 173

older women are more likely than older men to suffer from stress, hypertension and chronic illness.

Front 174

Social conditions have a significant effect on health. In fact,

Back 174

a. male occupational roles put them at greater risk than women of infectious disease.b. perceived discrimination against oneself is related to psychological and physical health.c. housewives have higher rates of illness than women who work outside the home.d. All of these choices are true.

Front 175

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide _____.

Back 175

“reasonable accommodations”

Front 176

Medicare provides all of the following, except:

Back 176

dental care

Front 177

According to the text, the U.S. currently spends about _____ of its gross domestic product on healthcare.

Back 177

15 percent

Front 178

Comparing the health care system of the U.S. with those of other industrialized countries, the textnotes that

Back 178

the U.S. spends more money and coverage is less comprehensive than in other industrializedcountries.

Front 179

According to the text, which of these is a not major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs inthe U.S.?

Back 179

high rates of uninsured

Front 180

The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except

Back 180

provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18.