Social 10-1: Chapters 3 & 4 Review (Communication Technology And Identity)

Front 1

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

digital divide

Back 1

The digital divide refers to the gap that separatespeople who do – and do not – have access to up-to–date digitaltechnology (communication technology,Internet, etc.)

Example: In North America, 69.7% of the population has access to the Internet, while in Africa, only 3.6% of the population does.

Significance: Those with less access to technology have fewer opportunities to develop their identities via education. They may also have less opportunity to share their culture, language, and points of view with the world.

Front 2

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

propoganda

Back 2

Propaganda-Ideas and information spreadfor the purpose ofachieving a specific goal.

Often, propaganda is characterized by dishonesty (omission of facts) and emotional appeal (rather than logicalreasoning to persuade)

Example: Some people believe the television station Al-Jazeera provides nothing but propaganda. Others argue it offers a real perspective.

Significance: Propaganda from ads, shows, etc. shape our identities if we are not aware. Propoganda, such as extremist Islamic propaganda, can change our identities.

Front 3

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

pop culture

Back 3

Pop culture is a short form for “popular culture,” whichis the culture of the people. Thisterm often refers to current culturaltrends thatare spread by commercial mass media.

Example: A good example of pop culture is the show Simpsons or the movie Hunger Games.

Significance: The spread of pop culture around the world is arguably leading to cultural homogenization-- all people everywhere becoming Westernized.

Front 4

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

universalization

Back 4

Universalization is the spread of culture,trends, customs, and practices around the world. They key term within the word is "universal."

Example: Walt Disney is a transnational corporation that produces children's media that has been universalized--it is viewed all around the world.

Significance. People worry about the universalization of pop culture and commercial products. They worry these shows will cause cultural homogenization: the loss of different identities while the Western identity becomes dominant.

Front 5

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

hybridization

Back 5

Hybridization is the combining of elementsof two or more different things to create something new. Forour purposes, hybridizationrefers to the combination of elements of Americanculture withthose of the country in which a show is produced.

Example: Sesame Street offers a good example of hybridization of American and host country cultures. For example, in China, Sesame Street is re-named Zhima Jie, and includes Chinese cultural elements.

Significance: Some people point to hybridization as a positive thing: It may mitigate the potential for cultural homogenization via pop culture.

Front 6

How does satellite technology affect the formation of identity?

Back 6

Thanks to satellite technology, such as the Canadian satellite Anik A1, television shows and media in general can be broadcast throughout the world.

This broadcast of media has both a positive and negative affect on identity. One negative may be cultural homogenization. A positive affect might be cultural revitalization that occurs when minority groups broadcast their own cultures (e.g. The Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in Canada).

Front 7

Many people worry about media concentration. What is another word for media concentration?

Back 7

media cross-ownership

Front 8

Which 6 transnational corporations are said to control 85% of the world's media? (media concentration on the global scale)

Back 8

1. Vivendi International

2. AOL Time Warner

3. Disney

4. News Corporation

5. Viacom

6. Bertelsmann

Front 9

How might media concentration on the global and national scale affect the (1) formation of identity and the (2) practice of democracy?

Back 9

1. If identities are in part formed by the media we consume, then we might expect an increasing similarity between people (cultural homogenization) who consume the same media with the same values worldwide (e.g. the value of consumerism, for example).

2. If democracy requires multiple opinions and perspectives to flourish and lead to informed citizens, and if media concentration stifles certain views, then democracy will weaken.

Front 10

What happened in late 2001 in Canada regarding media concentration?

Back 10

Late 2001- censorship of journalists by CanWest Global Communications. They asked their journalists to report the same view, regardless of their regional differences, or be fired. After some journalists were fired, there was a public outcry.

Front 11

What made it possible for Al-Jazeera to broadcast its programs internationally, and in what year?

Back 11

1996

Satellite technology

Front 12

Why is Al-Jazeera controversial in Canada? What is the significance of this controversy?

Back 12

Al-Jazeera is controversial in Canada because it is an Arabic media channel. It is said by some to broadcast only propaganda about Muslim brotherhood and Islamic extremism. However, others argue that Al-Jazeera is not that extreme. These people argue it offers a legitimate perspective that should be heard. Currently, no Canadian cable company has agreed to broadcast Al-Jazeera because of strict conditions applied to it by the CRTC.

The significance of Al-Jazeera is that perhaps some perspectives are being censored or so heavily policed that they are never heard. On the other hand, others would argue censorship is needed to maintain peace and order.

Front 13

Which people in Canada are the least satisfied with the Internet, and why?

Back 13

French and Aboriginal Canadians are least satisfied with the Internet because it is predominantly English.

They worry about cultural homogenization. They worry their voices, in their languages, will not be heard on the Internet.

Front 14

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

techno-isolation

Back 14

Techno-isolation refers to the idea that technology actually increases distance between people because it causes us to become "technological hermits"

Example: You are walking down the street and need to ask for directions, but you find it impossible to communicate with the people passing by who are listening to their ipods.

Significance: Some argue that technology may be cutting us off from our worlds. This has a major impact on globalization.

Front 15

Explain and state the significance to globalization and identity:

JFK assassination- 1963

Back 15

In November, 1963, the president of the USA, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated.

The significance of the event includes:

1) It was one of the first events watched worldwide via media technology.

2) It shaped American identity as global "policeman."

Front 16

Explain and state the significance to globalization and identity:

September 11, 2001

Back 16

On September 11, 2001 four airplanes were hijacked and two were flown into the World Trade Center in New York. The other planes crashed into the Pentagon. A total of more than 3,000 people were killed in the attacks.

The significance of this event includes:

1) Another event watched by the world.

2) It revealed cultural clashes when certain people in other parts of the world celebrated the attacks.

3)It changed the identities of Muslims in North America. Increasingly, Muslims were viewed with suspicion. Some were harassed. Others were detained and imprisoned for "terrorist" activities (Arar). Some mosques were firebombed. In general, islamophobia became an international issue that needed to be addressed by the United Nations.

Front 17

Explain and state the significance:

Maher Arar

Back 17

Maher Arar was a Syrian-born Canadian citizen detained by Americans and imprisoned and tortured in Syria for alleged terrorist activity. He was later found innocent and released

Significance:

1) Headlines of his detention in Syria showed bias. This makes us wonder if all media can be trusted, and it reminds us that media is produced from a certain point of view.

2) It shows that the global event of 9/11 affected the Muslim identity.

3) It raises questions about how the identity of people can easily be changed by the media (e.g. the Japanese viewed with suspicion after Pearl Harbor and detentions).

Front 18

Who said this?

"Since the September 11 attacks on the United States, many Muslims, particularly in the West, have found themselves the objects of suspicion, harassment and discrimination. Too many people see Islam as a monolith and as intrinsically opposed to the West. Caricature remains widespread, and the gulf of ignorance is dangerously deep."

Back 18

Kofi Annan, then secretary general of the United Nations

Front 19

Explain and state the significance to globalization and identity:

Make Poverty History and Live 8

Back 19

Make Poverty History was a series of concerts organized to eradicate poverty worldwide. It was held in the top 8 industrialized countries-- the Live 8-- as a reference to the G8 countries. It was also held in July when the G8 was meeting. About 3 billion of people around the world participated in the concerts either in person or via various forms of media.

Significance-

1. Another example of globalization facilitated by communication technologies.

2. Possible example of worldwide discrimination against people of colour. Nelson Mandela spoke to concert-goers, but, apart from him, there were only two other black people in the spotlight. Some believe this to represent a global bias towards Africans.

3. A positive movement generated via globalization.

Front 20

What, according to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, causes some disasters to attract media coverage?

Back 20

Disasters that attract the most coverage are those that are unusual but can be explained. Disasters that don't have clear causes or solutions attract less media attention.

Front 21

What are some examples of the universalization of pop culture?

Back 21

Sesame Street, Walt Disney movies, Friends, Simpsons, any other TV show or movie played around the world.

Front 22

Is hybridization a positive thing?

Back 22

It depends on your perspective:

Positive- It allows cultures to interact with global media while keeping elements of theirs.

Negative- It is too much of a loss of culture. The elements of host culture incorporated into American shows is not enough. Cultural homogenization will still be the result.

Front 23

Can you give an example of another culture's media being consumed widely in America?

Back 23

Yes. Manga and anime are good examples of foreign media widely consumed in our globalized world. These Japanese shows/cartoons represent the Japanese response to WWII: These comics grapple with issues of morality, good versus evil, and the role of technology in our lives. These values or questions do influence North American teens, for example.

Front 24

MAJOR QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 3:

1. How is identity affected by opportunities to communicate with people around the world?

2. How is diversity influenced by the media and communication technologies?

3. How is identity affected by media convergence of world events?

4. How is diversity affected by the dominance of American media?

Back 24

Answers will vary.

Review pages 68- 87 of your textbook for answers.

Front 25

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

cultural content laws

Back 25

Laws passed by a government to prevent agroup’s cultural identity –including its artists, performers, songs, movies and literature – from beingoverwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture.

Examples: CRTC in Canada; in France, theatres must play French movies 20 weeks a year; in Australia, 55% of TV programs must be made in Australia; in China, the government has created a list of 20,000 English words that must be translated into Chinese.

Significance: If these cultural content laws are followed, cultural revitalization may occur worldwide; cultural homogenization may be stopped or delayed.

Front 26

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

cultural diversity

Back 26

Varietyin cultures and identities.

Examples: In Canada, we live in a multicultural society. In 2001, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity which includes the motto: The cultural wealth of the world is its diversity in dialogue.

Significance: Some argue that cultural diversity is essential to human flourishing. The perspectives, traditions, and ideas of other cultures may improve our own. The loss of cultural diversity is a major concern in a globalized world.

Front 27

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

linguistic revitalization

Back 27

Therevitalization of a language through conscious effort by a person or community.

Examples: The teaching of Native languages in Northwest Territories schools. La Francophonie, which on a global scale, promotes French language and culture. The attempt to revitalize Inuktitut among the Inuit.

Significance: Without conscious efforts to revitalize languages, many may disappear. The number of spoken languages--between 6000 and 7000 at present--declines every year.

Some are concerned that the values of a culture, often shared orally via language, will be lost forever.

Front 28

Define, give an example, and state the significance to globalization and identity:

linguistic rights

Back 28

•Theright to speak a language.

Examples: The Charter of Rights of Freedoms in Canada allows citizens to speak our two national languages: French and English. It also requires signage in both languages. In 1971, Pierre Trudeau made Canada the first country to adopt a multicultural policy, which gave Canadian citizens the right to speak their own languages.

Significance-

Without these rights, cultural homogenization would undoubtedly occur; some groups may be marginalized in society.

Front 29

What does CRTC stand for, and what is its significance?

Back 29

CRTC(CanadianRadio/televisionTelecommunicationsCommission)

The goal of the CRTC rules isto protect and preserve Canada’s cultural identity by ensuring that Canadians hear Canadianvoices and see Canadian stories.

Front 30

What is MAPL?

Back 30

According to the CRTC, media is considered Canadian only if it meets 2 of 4 requirements of MAPL (M- music, A- artist, P- performance, L- lyrics Canadian).

Front 31

MAJOR QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4:

1. How do people affirm and promote their language and culture in a globalizing world?

2. How do governments affirm and promote their languages and cultures in a globalizing world?

2. How do international organizations affirm and promote languages and cultures in a globalizing world?

Back 31

Answers will vary.

Review pages 90-109 of your textbook.