Soci Exam 2

Front 1

Which the most important criterion for being in the “upper class”?

Back 1

the nature and age of family wealth

Front 2

According to Kerbo, about what percent of the U.S. population comprise the upper class.

Back 2

0.5 to 1 %

Front 3

Which type of corporation has the highest percent of its directors from the upper class

Back 3

Top banks and insurance companieis

Front 4

What are the parts of the policy formation process?

Back 4

The public's and decision maker’s exposure to the national news media

Front 5

In "Bobos in Paradise", what does Brooks believe has lead to the overall change in the structure and composition of the upper class in society today compared to the 1950's?

Back 5

Education

Front 6

In his discussion of the New York Times wedding page, David Brooks points out the four things The Times emphasizes about a person which happen to be "the four markers of upscale Americans today." Name one of these four things.

Back 6

College Degrees, Graduate Degrees, Career Path and Parent's Profession

Front 7

True/False: The 70s was the decade when the educated-class rebellion occurred.

Back 7

False: 60s

Front 8

As a result of the information age, the rewards for _______ capital have increased while the rewards for ______ capital have not.

Back 8

intellectual, physical

Front 9

Which class does Brooks describe as being the most anxious, the meritocratic Bobo class or the WASP Establishment?

Back 9

Brooks says that the meritocratic Bobo class is more anxious in nature because its members are torn between their drive to succeed and their fear of turning into sellouts. Also their fates are volatile since their status is not necessarily based on their birth. Certainly the Bobo's cannot guarantee elite status for their children, they have to instill it.

Front 10

True/False? Status insecurity has made the educated class stronger.

Back 10

True, the realization that they can easily lose their status makes the educated class and their children work hard to retain their positions

Front 11

True/False: Many intellects incorporate antiestablishment ideals with corporate imperative.

Back 11

True: "they've reconciled the antiestablishment style with the corporate imperative"

Front 12

In the Grusky reading, who does David Brooks indicate is becoming the new upper class?

Back 12

The educated elite.

Front 13

According to Brooks, these days, the elite is made up of ____________, it is not based on ______________ background anymore.

Back 13

intellectuals

Front 14

According to Brooks, meritocracy became important in what decade?

Back 14

the sixties

Front 15

what is the eonomic concentraionsthat sets the stage for a corporate class?

Back 15

Size of major corporations, concentrated control of stock, network of interlocking directorates

Front 16

True/False: The corporate class basis of power lies with ownership of the means of production.

Back 16

False. The corporate class basis of power lies with the control of the major means of production in this advanced capitalist society.

Front 17

The corporate class differs from the upperclass because its power does not lie in th eownership of the means of production, but with ______of the collective means of production.

Back 17

Control

Front 18

In 2007, which type of institutions was dominate among US corporations in terms of assets?

Back 18

Financial institutions

Front 19

What American retailer does Kerbo use an example illustrating the way in which corporations of exceptional size can exercise market control in unprecedented ways? Specifically he points to this corporation's influence on the American labor force.

Back 19

Wal-Mart

Front 20

According to the Kerbo readings, what is the biggest corporation in the world?

Back 20

Wal-Mart.

Front 21

Name three of the trends in American labor relations that Wal-Mart established.

Back 21

lower wages, fewer benefits, longer working hours, and the extermination of unions

Front 22

_______ can be defined as the linking of two or more corporations through at least one of their board members.

Back 22

Interlocking Directorates

Front 23

According to the research, most people in the inner group of the corporate class have worked their way up the corporate ladder to top positions, rather than started at the top from wealthy family backgrounds.

Back 23

TRUE

Front 24

Thinking of functionalist, critical or pluralist, which elite theorists view society not as an integrated whole, but as a setting for conflict and domination.

Back 24

Critical

Front 25

True/False: Critical elite theorists believe that elites of some type dominate, but that they are also necessary and act in the best interests of society.

Back 25

False. Though critical elite theorists do believe that elites dominate, they also believe that elites act selfishly to better their own interests, which is detrimental to the lower classes.

Front 26

The ______theory agrees that an elite class dominates society, but they argue these elites work for their own selfish interests and to the detriment of classes below.

Back 26

Critial Elite Theory

Front 27

Define "corporate class."

Back 27

"A group of people with high authority and power in major corporations (through positions in top management or board positions), usually without extensive ownership in these corporations."

Front 28

True/False: A functional elite theorist would agree that powerful and independent elites lead to exploitation.

Back 28

FALSE

Front 29

Which class in the United States can best be described as controlling the major means of production, rather than owning the major means of production?

Back 29

corporate class

Front 30

In "Nickel-and-Dimed" what was Ehrenreich (the author) primary job?

Back 30

Waitress/Server

Front 31

What is Ehrenreich's dream job (that she doesn't get until the end)?

Back 31

Housekeeper

Front 32

According to the Economic Policy Institute, by what percentage would an influx of a million welfare recipients into low wage jobs drop wages?

Back 32

By 11.9%

Front 33

True of false: Ehrenreich works in the hotel industry for her research.

Back 33

TRUE

Front 34

What item was the largest expense and hardest to cover for Barbara as well as the other low wage employees?

Back 34

Housing

Front 35

What was one reason Barbara Enrenreich didn’t like her new lifestyle as a waitress?

Back 35

1. The “less than nurturing” management

Front 36

True/False: Her experience helped her loose weight?

Back 36

True (4 pounds)

Front 37

What was the purpose of Ehrenreich's experiment?

Back 37

Scientific-experiment to illuminate realistic views on welfare's claim that even humble jobs are uplifting and pyschologically buoying.

Front 38

Name one of the jobs Barbara held

Back 38

waitress

Front 39

Why is it that Ehrenreich does not truly experience poverty even though she works minimum wage and lives among the poor?

Back 39

Ehrenreich is insulated from poverty because she knows that she has a home, car, money, and secured/well-paying job to return to. She knows that what she is doing will end and her life will return to normal and that the choices she makes in her 30 days will bear no consequence on her true future. Ehrenreich expereinces poverty but she does not experience the fear that the truly impoverished do.

Front 40

According to Ehrenreich, what is the humanitarian rationale for welfare reform and what are the problems with it?

Back 40

The rationale is that work will lift poor women out of poverty while inflating their self-esteem and their future value in the labor market. The problems are that in an economic downturn many jobs will be eliminated and that an influx of workers will depress wages.

Front 41

What 2 problems does Ehrenreich cite as the biggest obstacles to her success?

Back 41

Management and the minimum wage job wasn't financially viable

Front 42

True or False: The "absolute" poverty line was established by calculating the minimum resources needed to purchase of basket of goods considered to be "necessary"

Back 42

TRUE

Front 43

What is a PPP rate?

Back 43

"Purchasing Power Parity"

Front 44

Define Relative Poverty.

Back 44

"Having less than others in the society."

Front 45

How do US rates of absolute poverty compare with those of European countries?

Back 45

They are underestimated because the US provides fewer noncash benefits like tax-financed healthcare and education benefits. In Europe, household disposable incomes already reflect the fact that these costs have been subtracted as taxes, and thus European absolute poverty rates are overstated in comparison to the US.

Front 46

What is one of the two main reasons the low-income population is larger in the United States than in other nations?

Back 46

1. Low market wages for those with few skills

Front 47

T/F: According to Smeeding et al, rich countries can have higher poverty rates than poor ones if their incomes are more unequally distributed

Back 47

True, the distribution of income is as important as average income in determining poverty rates

Front 48

What 2 reasons does Smeeding et al cite for the large low-income population in the United States?

Back 48

Low market wages for low-skilled workers and limited public benefits

Front 49

T/F The low-income population is larger in the United States than in other nations for two main reasons: low market wages for those with few skills and limited public benefits

Back 49

True.

Front 50

When a person is below the average income, and comes to believe that the people around him have much more than he does, this is called __________ poverty.

Back 50

relative

Front 51

The percentage of the U.S. population below the official poverty level increased between 2000 and 2006.

Back 51

TRUE

Front 52

By the year 2000, almost 45% of the U.S. poor lived in a family with a full-time worker.

Back 52

TRUE

Front 53

T/F: The drop in the poverty level between 1959 and 1970 and the continued lower level of poverty in the 1970s was primarily the result of expanded welfare benefits.

Back 53

True: These welfare benefits began in the second half of the 1960s as a part of Johnson's Great Society

Front 54

What was significant about the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996"?

Back 54

"The law that ended 61 years of poor families entitlement to federal welfare benefits- the law that asserted and enforced a newly refomulated vision of the appropriate values of work and family life-provided all that additional funding as a way of demonstrating the depth of a the nations commitment to change in the welfare system."

Front 55

True/False Sharon Hays wants to focus on the political significance of the welfare reform effort?

Back 55

False. She wants to focus on the cultural significance

Front 56

What was the name of the law the author cites that "ended 61 years of poor familes' entitlement to federal welfare?"

Back 56

The Personal Responsibility and Work Act

Front 57

Does the government label a family of four with an income of less than $20,000 as "poor"?

Back 57

No

Front 58

True or False: Hays (Grusky 20) believes welfare reforms brings triumphs of family values

Back 58

False: Hays believes welfare reform hurts families

Front 59

Hays identified that Sheila shared 3 patterns with other mothers on welfare reform. Name them.

Back 59

the “domino effect, lack of faithful use of birth control, the pushes toward work and the pulls toward home

Front 60

Who does Hays identify as the real winners in the story of welfare reform?

Back 60

All the employers that hire these low-wage workers benefit because these workers are desperate to find work and will accept low wages and poor working conditions.

Front 61

What were the two things Western says happened in the 1990s that influenced the employment opportunities of young unskilled men?

Back 61

The unemployment rate fell to the lowest level in 30 years, around 4.5% and the incarceration rate rose to its highest level in US history.

Front 62

True/False: The US incarceration rate is higher than the incarceration rates in otyher industrialized nations.

Back 62

TRUE

Front 63

How does the incrceration rate of the United States affect its unemployment rate in the short run?

Back 63

It lowers it misleadingly

Front 64

How may the incrceration rate of the United States affect its unemployment rate in the long run?

Back 64

Mst likely raise it

Front 65

Up until 1969, what minority had the lowest per capita median income?

Back 65

Native Americans

Front 66

What is individualism and how does it relate to blaming the poor?

Back 66

Individualism is the idea that the individual is more important than the social group and can mean that people are held responsible for their lot in life.

Front 67

Define "welfare state"

Back 67

a society in which the state has taken a broad responsibility for social problems and the general social welfare of the population through direct provision of goods and services.

Front 68

Name the categories of poverty theories?

Back 68

Popular view, Culture-of-poverty theory, Situational theories, Structural or Conflict perspective

Front 69

Between 1975-2005 the rates percentage of the poor below 50 percent of the Poverty Line _______ and hunger rates ________ during this period in time.

Back 69

increased

Front 70

The pattern of concerted cultivation, with its stress on individual repertoires of activities, reasoning, and questioning encourages an _____________.

Back 70

Emerging sense of entitlement

Front 71

Explain "concerted cultivation" in terms of childrearing.

Back 71

Where parents enroll their children in numerous age-specific activites orgainized by adults

Front 72

According to Lareau, what are the childrearing strategies used by the Middle-class parents and the working-class parents respectively?

Back 72

Concerted cultivation and accomplishment of natural growth

Front 73

According to Annette Lareau (Grusky 58) what class will most likely exhibit patterns of "concerted cultivation"

Back 73

The middle class

Front 74

True/False: Concerted Cultivation is seen in black middle class parents but not yet in white middle class parents.

Back 74

False: Both

Front 75

What’s the difference of time use between middle-class children and working-class children?

Back 75

For middle-class children, their week is usually packed with a set of adult-run organized activities, while for working-class children, they just hang out or spontaneously engage in an activity without any advanced planning or consultation from the parents.

Front 76

While middle-class parents use more reasoning when speaking with children, working-class and poor parents tend to use what type of speech?

Back 76

directives

Front 77

True/False: Middle-class parents used mored directives in their speech with children, while working-class and poor parents used more reasoning

Back 77

False. Middle-class parents used mored reasoning in their speech with children, while working-class and poor parents used more directives.

Front 78

What is the difference of language use in the home between middle-class children and working-class children?

Back 78

For language use, it is found that middle-class parents used more reasoning in their speech with children

Front 79

Class position influences three critical aspects of family life. Name them.

Back 79

Time use, language use, and kin ties

Front 80

What are the results of the different childrearing strategies used by the middle-class and working-class parents respectively?

Back 80

Middle-class: an emerging sense of entitlement

Front 81

True/False: Common middle-class childrearing techniques often lead children to have a sense of restraint.

Back 81

False. They encourage an emerging sense of entitlement.

Front 82

Name one difference in childrearing tactics in the Grusky reading between the middle class and the working/poor class concerning either children's "time use" or the "language use" of the family.

Back 82

Reasoning (You should do this because) vs. Directives (Do this!), Organized Activities (Sports etc) vs "Hanging Out", Contestation of Adults vs. Quiet Acceptance of Adults

Front 83

What it comes to intervention in institutions, what different approaches do middle-class parents and working-class parents use?

Back 83

For parents’ intervention, middle-class parents tend to monitor their children’s institutional lives, while working class parents grant their children more autonomy to make their own ways in organizations.

Front 84

Which class(es) use(s) more directives in the raising of their children?

Back 84

Working-class and poor

Front 85

When children initiate play and have a high level of autonomy from adults, they develop an emerging sense of _________.

Back 85

constraint

Front 86

Which class uses more reasoning while speaking with their children?

Back 86

middle class

Front 87

de Tocqueville saw greater equality in America than was the case in Europe.

Back 87

TRUE

Front 88

Kerbo defines the __________ class as high to mid-level in occupation, mid-level in bureaucratic authority, and an owner of relatively little propery.

Back 88

middle class

Front 89

According to Kerbo, People who have mid-to-low positions in the occupational structure, low skill level, lower education, and with jobs with a lower degree of complexity typify which class?

Back 89

working class.

Front 90

The small business person, shop owner, family farmer, and self-employed professional typify which class, according to Kerbo?

Back 90

the old middle class or petite bourgeoisie

Front 91

According to Kerbo, the new middle class control or manage most mid-level corporations.

Back 91

False.

Front 92

The dual economy research shows that the working class gets better wages in the larger, more dominant industries when the are unionized.

Back 92

TRUE

Front 93

Workers are usually better off financially and in terms of work conditions if they work in dual industries.

Back 93

False (core is true).

Front 94

The lower the class position, the _____ likely a person is to vote.

Back 94

less

Front 95

Define "working class"

Back 95

"Individuals and families with little or no property, middle to low positions in occupation (manual labor), and little or no authority. A further distinction is made with respect to skilled and unskilled working class."

Front 96

What are two possible cause of the shrinking middle class according to Kerbo?

Back 96

Increased productivity in manufacturing firms in response to increased foreign competition. Outsourcing. Reduction of wages due to the drop in union membership.

Front 97

Membership in what type of institution shows significantly higher pay and benefits than in that of nonmembers?

Back 97

Unions

Front 98

True/False: According to Grusky, professional, managerial, and technical workers are most likely to feel overworked.

Back 98

True. Women in these positions awould prefer to work 13 hours less than they do, while women in other occupations want to work about 7 fewer hours. Male professionals want to work just under 12 hours less, while their counterparts in other categories wish to work about 9 hours less.

Front 99

According to Kerbo, what are the the invisible barriers to women's employment and earnings?

Back 99

Men sometimes actively isolate and segregate women, shutting them out of informal networks, mentoring opportunities, and referrals for new jobs. Women are also encouraged to take the "mommy track" because family responsibilities and child care continue to be assigned to women even when they are in paid employment.

Front 100

Define "gender segregation"?

Back 100

This refers to the fact that women mostly work in jobs where most other workers are also women.

Front 101

What does pay equity legislation do?

Back 101

Pay equity legislation makes it illegal to pay different wages to women and men doing similar tasks.

Front 102

With respect to many indicators of women's status, such as income inequality with men, legal rights, and education & occupational attainment, this country is the lowest among the advanced industrial nations.

Back 102

Japan

Front 103

True or False: As of 2006, the gender wage gap has ceased to exist in the United States.

Back 103

False. As of 2006, women earned seventy-seven percent of men's wages.

Front 104

Why is pay equity legislation (prohibiting disparate wages for men and women doing similar tasks) often ineffective?

Back 104

Men and women are mostly in different occupations.

Front 105

According to Jacobs and Gerson, most American workers experience a significant gap between their ______ work hours and their _______ work hours.

Back 105

Actual, Ideal

Front 106

Jacobs and Gerson describe a difference between married and single men's working hours. Please explain.

Back 106

They say that married men work more (approximately 2.5 hours/week) than single men.

Front 107

True/False: According to Jacobs and Gerson, men whose wives are employed do not differ from those with non-employed partners in either actual or ideal working time.

Back 107

True.

Front 108

Describe the differences between the terms "sex" and "gender".

Back 108

Sex refers to biological characteristics such as hormonal, anatomical, and physiological differences to define male and female. Gender refers to socially and culturally constructed definitions of what it means to be male and female.

Front 109

True or False. Most American workers experience a significant gap between how much they work and how much they would like to work.

Back 109

True.

Front 110

What groups of workers are most likely to feel overworked in terms of hours per week?

Back 110

Professional, managerial, and technical workers

Front 111

Jacobs and Gerson discuss the ways that marriage and parenthood/children, and gender all influence the dilemmas of private life and the gap between ideal and actual working time. What is the factor discussed as being "too crude" of a measure to play a role in the dynamics of these relationships?

Back 111

Age

Front 112

There are many misconceptions about the "low" status of women in some of the Asian countries. There are several statistics that show how women have much higher statuses than those in other industrialized nations. For example: In this nation, women hold 53% of all the professional and technical jobs, this being a figure much higher than in most advanced industrial nations.

Back 112

Thailand

Front 113

Married men and women experience a (larger/smaller) gap between their ideal and actual work time.

Back 113

Larger