Soci 209 Exam 2

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the enlightenment

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characterized by dramatic revolution in science, philosophy, society, and politics

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classical school of criminology (utilitarianism)

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began during the enlightenment; behaviors purposeful and not motivated by supernatural forces

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positivism

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holds every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof

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absolute deterrence

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amount of crime that has been prevented simply due to the fact that a formal system is in place so that an individual could be legally punished for committing a criminal act

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marginal deterrence

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states it is prudent to punish a more severe crime more seriously than a lesser crime

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General Deterrence

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can be defined as the impact of the threat of legal punishment on the public at large

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Specific Deterrence

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is a method of punishment in the criminal justice system intended to discourage criminal behavior in the specificindividual charged with the crime

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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social contract theory

strongly influenced the french revolution and the development of the liberal, conservative, and social theory

believed man was good in the state of nature but has been corrupted by society

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Thomas Hobbes

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moral and political philosophy

his main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict

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John Locke

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believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish which became apparent with the introduction of currency

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cesare beccaria

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believed that torture is barbaric and cruel

did not believe in the use of capital punishment

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Social ecology

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Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society.

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Social disorganization theory

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The theory directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory is that place matters.

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Concentric zones

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theory that explains the distribution of social groups within urban areas

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Broken Windows Theory

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a theory that explains how the condition of an urban area can invite crime or anti-social behavior

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Collective efficacy

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defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence

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anomie

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lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group

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Routine activities theory

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states that in order for a crime to be committed, three specific criteria must be involved. These criteria are that there must be a dick motivated offender, a suitable target, as well as the absence of a capable guardian.

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shaw and mckay

social disorganization theory

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Social disorganization is defined as an inability of community members to achieve shared values or to solve jointly experienced problems

The theory directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory is that place matters. In other words, a person's residential location is a substantial factor shaping the likelihood that that person will become involved in illegal activities

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Park and Burgess

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Chicago and Concentric Zones

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Robert K. Merton

social structure and anomie

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believes behavior is due to conditions in the social structure

Deviance results because of an imbalance of the goals and the means.

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Agnew
general strain theory

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focuses on negative relationships with others