Soc Test #2 Ch 5,9,7

Front 1

Social Interaction

Back 1

The ways in which people resond to one another.

Front 2

Social Structure

Back 2

The way in which a society s organized into predictable relationships.

Front 3

Statue

Back 3

A term used by sociologists to reger to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.

Front 4

Ascribed Status

Back 4

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.

Front 5

Achieved Status

Back 5

A social positin that is within our power to change

Front 6

Master Status

Back 6

A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.

Front 7

Social Role

Back 7

A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.

Front 8

Role Confliction

Back 8

The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.

Front 9

Role Strain

Back 9

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.

Front 10

Role Exit

Back 10

The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.

Front 11

Group

Back 11

Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.

Front 12

Primary Group

Back 12

A small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation.

Front 13

Secondary Group

Back 13

A formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or muual understanding

Front 14

In-group

Back 14

Any group or category to which people feel they belong to.

Front 15

Out-Group

Back 15

A group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

Front 16

Reference Group

Back 16

Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.

Front 17

Coalition

Back 17

A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal.

Front 18

Socaial Network

Back 18

A series of social relationships that links individuals directly to onthers, and through them indirecty to still more people.

Front 19

Avatar

Back 19

A person's online representation as a character, whether in the form of a 2-D or 3-D image or simple through text.

Front 20

Social Institution

Back 20

An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior createred on basic social needs.

Front 21

Bureaucracy

Back 21

A component of formal organization that uses rules and hieratchical rankin to achieve effciency.

Front 22

Ideal type

Back 22

A construct or model for evaluation specific cases.

Front 23

Alienation

Back 23

Loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers.

Front 24

Trained Incapacity

Back 24

The tendancy of workers in bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to natice porential problems.

Front 25

Goal Displacement

Back 25

Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy.

Front 26

Peter Principle

Back 26

A principle of organizational life according to which every emplayee within a hieratchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompentence.

Front 27

Bueaucratization

Back 27

The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technicalrational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency.

Front 28

McDonalidization

Back 28

The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the United States and around the world.

Front 29

Inor law of oligarchy

Back 29

A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic prganization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals

Front 30

Classical Theory

Back 30

An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being morivated almost entirely by economic rewards.

Front 31

Scientific management approach

Back 31

Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations

Front 32

Human relations approach

Back 32

An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization

Front 33

Gameinschaft

Back 33

A close-knit community,often found in rural arears, in which strong personal bounds unite members.

Front 34

Gesellschaft

Back 34

A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on value.

Front 35

Mechanical solidarity

Back 35

Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change

Front 36

Organic Solidarity

Back 36

A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor

Front 37

Hunting-and-gathering society

Back 37

A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.

Front 38

Agrarian Society

Back 38

The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primatily in the preduction of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innocations such as the plow.

Front 39

Industrial Society

Back 39

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

Front 40

Postindustrial society

Back 40

A society whose economic system is engaged primarilyin the processing and control of information

Front 41

Postmodern Society

Back 41

A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society

Front 42

Substantive definition of the family

Back 42

A definition of the family based on blood on blood, meaning shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social reconition and affirmation of the blood including both marriage and adoption.

Front 43

Kinship

Back 43

The state of being related to others.

Front 44

Bilateral desent

Back 44

A kinship system in whith both sides of a person's family are regerded as equally important.

Front 45

Patrillneal descent

Back 45

A kindship system in which onlyhe father's relative are significant.

Front 46

Matrillineal descent

Back 46

A kindship system in which only the mother's relationships are significant.

Front 47

Extended family

Back 47

A family in which reletives-such as grandparents, aunt, or uncles live in the same household as parents and their children.

Front 48

Nuclear family

Back 48

A married coupleand their unmarried children living together.

Front 49

Monogamy

Back 49

A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other.

Front 50

Serial monogamy

Back 50

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime but only one spouse at a time.

Front 51

Polygamy

Back 51

A form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simutaueously.

Front 52

Polyandry

Back 52

A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time.

Front 53

Functionalist Definition of families

Back 53

A definition of families that focuses on what families do for society and for their memebers.

Front 54

Patriarchy

Back 54

A society in which men dominate in family decision making.

Front 55

Matriarchy

Back 55

A society in which women dominate in family decision making.

Front 56

Egalitarian family

Back 56

An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals.

Front 57

Endogamy

Back 57

The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group

Front 58

Exogamy

Back 58

The requirment that people select a mate outside certain groups.

Front 59

Incest taboo

Back 59

The prohibiton of sexual relationships between certain cultural specified relatives.

Front 60

Homogamy

Back 60

The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal charactistics similar to one's own

Front 61

Machismo

Back 61

A sense of virility, pesonal worth, and pride in one's maleness.

Front 62

Familism

Back 62

Pride in the extended famility, expressed through the maintencance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family.

Front 63

Adoption

Back 63

In a legal sense, a precss that allows for a process that allows for the transfe of the legal rights, resonsibilities, and priviliges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents.

Front 64

Single-parent family

Back 64

A family in which only one parent is prsent to care for the children.

Front 65

Cohabitation

Back 65

The parctice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying.

Front 66

Domestic Partnership

Back 66

Two unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities.

Front 67

Power

Back 67

The ability to exerise one's will over others even if they resist.

Front 68

Force

Back 68

The actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one'e will on others.

Front 69

Influence

Back 69

The exercise of power througha process of persuasion.

Front 70

Authority

Back 70

Institutionalized power hat is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

Front 71

Traditional Authority

Back 71

Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice.

Front 72

Rational-legal authority

Back 72

Authority based on formally agreed-upon and accepted rules, principles, and procedures of conduct that are established in order to accomplish goals in the most efficient manner passible.

Front 73

Charismatic Authority

Back 73

Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emitional appeal to his or her followers.

Front 74

Industrial society

Back 74

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and service.

Front 75

Economic System

Back 75

The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

Front 76

Capitalism

Back 76

An ecnomic system in which the means of preduction are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

Front 77

Laissez-faire

Back 77

A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, wich minimal government intercention in the economy.

Front 78

Monopoly

Back 78

Control of a market by a single business firm.

Front 79

Socialism

Back 79

An economic system under which means of preduction and distribution are collectively owned.

Front 80

Communism

Back 80

As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and not social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

Front 81

Mixed Economy

Back 81

An economic system thatcombines elements of both capitalism and socialism.

Front 82

Infomal economy

Back 82

Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government.

Front 83

Deindustrialization

Back 83

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of preductivity, such as factories and plants.

Front 84

Downsizing

Back 84

Reductions in a company's workforce as part of deinductrialization

Front 85

Offshoring

Back 85

The transfer of work to foreign contractors.

Front 86

Politics

Back 86

In Harold Lasswell's words. " who gets wht, whenm and how."

Front 87

Political System

Back 87

The social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goal.

Front 88

Monarchy

Back 88

A form of govenrment headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary rule.

Front 89

Oligarchy

Back 89

A form of government in which a few individuals rule.

Front 90

Dictatorship

Back 90

A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws.

Front 91

Totaliterianism

Back 91

Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life.

Front 92

Demoncracy

Back 92

In a literal sence, government by the people

Front 93

Representatice Democracy

Back 93

A form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people.

Front 94

Elite Model

Back 94

A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic intersts.

Front 95

Power Elite

Back 95

A small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States.

Front 96

Pluralist Model

Back 96

A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominat.

Front 97

War

Back 97

Conflict btw organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons.

Front 98

Terrorism

Back 98

The use of threat of violenc against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims.

Front 99

Peace

Back 99

The adsence of war, or more broadly, a preactice effort to develope cooperatice relations among nations.