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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Auguste Comte
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Nineteenth-century French social philosopher who is seen as the "father of sociology"
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Norms
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the social behavior of people within a society
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Sanctions
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positive and negative behaviors used to enforce a norm
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Social Sin
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social structures and institutions that arebuilt on individual sin
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Sociological Imagination
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the ability to take a second look at the "world taken for granted," enabling an individual to see him/herself within a social context
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Sociology
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the scientific study of society that explores the antecedents and consequences of social behavior
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Conflict Theory
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a macro-theroy that focuses on the tensions and power struggles in a society
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Dependent Variable
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a variable that is influenced by another (independent) variable
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Emile Durkheim
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Nineteenth-century French sociologist who sought to understand how social elemnts funtion to promote social stability
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Hypothesis
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a statemnt about how two or more variable are related to each other
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Independent Variable
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a variable that causes change in another (dependent) variable
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Macro-level Theory
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large-scale analysis of society such as structureal-functional theory or conflict theory
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Measure of Central Tendency
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a single typical value that characterizes a distribution of values. Three types of susch a measure are mean, median, and mode
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Robert Merton
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Twentieth-century American sociologist who analyzed social structures in terms of manifest and latent functions or consequences
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Micro-level Theory
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Small-scale analysis of interpersonal social behavior such as interactionist theory
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Talcott Parsons
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Twentieth-century American sociologist whose writing form the basis for structural-functional theory
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Participant Observation
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a data collection method in which the researcher observes subject behavior while interacting with the subject(s) and making his or her identity as a reseracher known
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Reliablity
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the consistency with which a measure can be reproduced
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Secondary Data
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information used by a researcher after it has been collected by another researcher
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Simple Random Sample
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a sample in which every combination of elements in a population has an equal chance of being selected
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Structural-Functionalism
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A macro-theory that views soceiety as a system of interconnected parts that depend on each other for proper functioniong to maintain stability and equilibrium
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Survey
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a data collection method that elicits information by way of an interview or questionnaire
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Systematic Sample
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a sample in whihc every kth element is selected from a list after a start in whihc a random number between 1 and k is chosen
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Validity
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the degree to which a measurement of a variable accurately reflects what it claims to measure
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Max Weber
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Nineteenth-century German sociologist who sought ot understand social structure
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Interactionist Theory
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a micro-theory that focuses on the meanings created by the interpersonal exchange of symbols such as words, gestures, and other actions
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Beliefs
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the general agreement by the members of a socity that a certain body of knowledge is true or valid
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Counterculture
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a group's way of thinking and acting that is an alternative to or in opposition to the norms and values of the larger society
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Cultural Material
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tangible objects that facilitate and express cultural ideas and norms; for example, musical instruments, works of art, religious paraphernalia, currencies, shelter, and clothing
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Cultural Relativistic Perspective
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a view that acknowledges that every culture should be analyzed in its own context and by its own standards; an orientation that supports rational, empirical, and comparative analyisis of cultures and rejects an ethnocentric view
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Cultural Universals
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Cultural elements that are present in all human societies
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Culture
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A society's way of life, consisting of beliefs, values, norms, and symbols
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Ethnocentrism
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Attitudes which support beliefs that values and norms of one's culture are superior to those of another
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Folkways
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the customary ways people do things
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Ideational Definition of Culture
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knowledge of cultural standards to which a person's behavior may or may not correspond
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Language
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the means of communication practiced by humans
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Law
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a type of social control exemplified by intention, authority, obligation, and sanctions
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Mores
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Cultural rules that are essential for societal survival and have been codified into moral and civil laws
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Norms
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cultural rules or standards that are both informal and forma in nature and which occur in all social groups
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Proxemics
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the physical space between people which is given sociocultural meaning
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Sanctions (Negative)
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punishments used for violations of cultural rules
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Beliefs
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the general agreement by the members of a socity that a certain body of knowledge is true or valid
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Counterculture
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a group's way of thinking and acting that is an alternative to or in opposition to the norms and values of the larger society
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Cultural Material
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tangible objects that facilitate and express cultural ideas and norms; for example, musical instruments, works of art, religious paraphernalia, currencies, shelter, and clothing
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Cultural Relativistic Perspective
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a view that acknowledges that every culture should be analyzed in its own context and by its own standards; an orientation that supports rational, empirical, and comparative analyisis of cultures and rejects an ethnocentric view
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Cultural Universals
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Cultural elements that are present in all human societies
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Culture
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A society's way of life, consisting of beliefs, values, norms, and symbols
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Ethnocentrism
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Attitudes which support beliefs that values and norms of one's culture are superior to those of another
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Folkways
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the customary ways people do things
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Ideational Definition of Culture
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knowledge of cultural standards to which a person's behavior may or may not correspond
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Language
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the means of communication practiced by humans
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Law
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a type of social control exemplified by intention, authority, obligation, and sanctions
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Mores
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Cultural rules that are essential for societal survival and have been codified into moral and civil laws
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Norms
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cultural rules or standards that are both informal and forma in nature and which occur in all social groups
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Proxemics
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the physical space between people which is given sociocultural meaning
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Sanctions (Negative)
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punishments used for violations of cultural rules
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Sanctions (positive)
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rewards used for compliance with cultural rules
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Stereotype
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an idea about individual based on preconceived, standardized characteristics alleged to a whole category of people
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Symbols
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Anything-object, gestrue, word-that is given arbitrary meaning an about which members of a cuture generally agree
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Social Control
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Ways in which indvidual behavior is directed toward socaially acceptable standards
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Subcuture
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a portion of the population having distinctive norms, values, and traits
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Values
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shared ideas of things members of a culture think are good and desirable
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Worldview
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a comprehensible body of beliefs about how th e world is organized as represented in a culture's myths, religious ceremonies, social behavior, and value system
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Achieved Status
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social position that is acquried because of one's ability to alter one's ascribed status
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Aggregate
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a number of people gathered in the same place who have no interaction realtive to a ocmmon goal or purpose
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Ascribed Status
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social position that is acquired by persons at birth, according to their family background
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Bureaucracy
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a formal or complex organization characterized by centralization of authority, hierarchical chain of command, and emphasis on rationality, discipline, and technical knowledge
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Conservation
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efforts made by a group or organization that have the goal of self-perpetuation of the orgainzation, as well as related programs and activities
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Dysfunction
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When a group or organization functions in a manner that hinders the likelihood of accomplishing its orginal purpose; primarily due to excessive concern for perpetuating the organization and its associated programs and activities
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Formal Organization
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a secondary gorup particulary organized to carry out explicit objectives, impersonal goals, and defined roles
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Functional Base
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the original need or set of needs a group or organization is intended to address
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Sanctions (positive)
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rewards used for compliance with cultural rules
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Stereotype
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an idea about individual based on preconceived, standardized characteristics alleged to a whole category of people
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Symbols
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Anything-object, gestrue, word-that is given arbitrary meaning an about which members of a cuture generally agree
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Social Control
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Ways in which indvidual behavior is directed toward socaially acceptable standards
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Subcuture
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a portion of the population having distinctive norms, values, and traits
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Values
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shared ideas of things members of a culture think are good and desirable
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Worldview
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a comprehensible body of beliefs about how th e world is organized as represented in a culture's myths, religious ceremonies, social behavior, and value system
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Achieved Status
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social position that is acquried because of one's ability to alter one's ascribed status
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Aggregate
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a number of people gathered in the same place who have no interaction realtive to a ocmmon goal or purpose
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Ascribed Status
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social position that is acquired by persons at birth, according to their family background
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Bureaucracy
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a formal or complex organization characterized by centralization of authority, hierarchical chain of command, and emphasis on rationality, discipline, and technical knowledge
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Conservation
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efforts made by a group or organization that have the goal of self-perpetuation of the orgainzation, as well as related programs and activities
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Dysfunction
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When a group or organization functions in a manner that hinders the likelihood of accomplishing its orginal purpose; primarily due to excessive concern for perpetuating the organization and its associated programs and activities
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Formal Organization
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a secondary gorup particulary organized to carry out explicit objectives, impersonal goals, and defined roles
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Functional Base
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the original need or set of needs a group or organization is intended to address
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Informal Organization
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that social structure whihc results when individuals interact within formal organizations
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Primary Group
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a small number of people who regularly interact with one another in an intimate, face-to-face, largely cooperative manner
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Role
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the cluster of behavior norms or rules expected of a person occupying a particular social status or position
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Role Conflict
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what results when two or more roles are contracdictory or incompatiable
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Role Strain
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what often occurs when a role involves differing, inconsistent expectations
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Secondary Group
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a medium-sized or large number of people who interact in an impersonal, formal, unemotional, partial, and nonpermanent manner
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Social Structure
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the ordered, patterned ways in which persons conduct themselves in social situations and how this organization of behavior relates to the rest of their society
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Social Status
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the social position of an individual in his or her society or smaller group. Groups also possess social status
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Society
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a distinct group of people who occupy a common territory and live together long enough to organize themselves into a unit different from other similar groups
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Status Inconsistency
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the incompatibility of one status with another
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Informal Organization
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that social structure whihc results when individuals interact within formal organizations
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Primary Group
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a small number of people who regularly interact with one another in an intimate, face-to-face, largely cooperative manner
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Role
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the cluster of behavior norms or rules expected of a person occupying a particular social status or position
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Role Conflict
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what results when two or more roles are contracdictory or incompatiable
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Role Strain
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what often occurs when a role involves differing, inconsistent expectations
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Secondary Group
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a medium-sized or large number of people who interact in an impersonal, formal, unemotional, partial, and nonpermanent manner
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Social Structure
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the ordered, patterned ways in which persons conduct themselves in social situations and how this organization of behavior relates to the rest of their society
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Social Status
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the social position of an individual in his or her society or smaller group. Groups also possess social status
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Society
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a distinct group of people who occupy a common territory and live together long enough to organize themselves into a unit different from other similar groups
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Status Inconsistency
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the incompatibility of one status with another
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