S17 Health #2

Front 1

Salivary glands accessible on the face

Back 1

Contained within the mouth are the tongue, teeth, gums, and the openings of the salivary glands (parotid, submandibu-lar, and sublingual). (346)

Front 2

Normal and abnormal feeling of the fontanels

Back 2

Head is normocephalic and symmetric. In newborns, the head may be oddly shaped from molding (overriding of the sutures) during vaginal birth. (713)

Bulging frontanell indicates increased cranial pressure. Microcephaly is seen in infants who have been exposed to congenital infections. (713)

Presence of a third fontanelle located between the anterior and posterior fonta-nelle indicates Down’s syndrome. (768)

Papilledema is unusual in children under 3 years of age owing to the ability of the fontanelles and sutures to open during increased intracranial pressure. Report disc blurring and hemorrhages immediately. (772)

Front 3

Neck: tracheal shift definition,

Back 3

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Front 4

Bruit

Back 4

A soft, blowing, swishing sound auscultated over the thyroid lobes is often heard in hyperthyroidism because of an increase in blood flow through the thyroid arteries. (286)

Front 5

Lymph assessment: how to assess, normal & abnormal texture,

Back 5

Normally lymph nodes are either not palpable or they may feel like very small beads. If the nodes become overwhelmed by microorganisms, as happens with an infection such as mononucleosis, they swell and become painful. If cancer metastasizes to the lymph nodes, they may enlarge but not be painful. (276)

Front 6

Lymph assessment: “Chain of ten” (10 groups of lymph nodes in a routine order of assessment)

Back 6

Palpate the deep cervical chain nodes deeply within and around the sternomastoid muscle. (287)

Front 7

Nose: Turbinates

Back 7

The superior, middle, and inferior turbinates are bony lobes, sometimes called conchae, that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. These three turbinates increase the surface area that is exposed to incoming air (Fig. 18-4). As the person inspires air, nasal hairs (vibrissae) filter large particles from the air. (347)

Turbinates are dark pink (redder than oral mucosa), moist, and free of lesions. (360)

Front 8

Nose: columella

Back 8

The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella. (wikepedia)

Front 9

Nose: Kiesselbach’s plexus

Back 9

The front of the nasal septum contains a rich supply of blood vessels and is known as Kiesselbach’s area. This is a common site for nasal bleeding. (347)

Front 10

Nose: Mucous blanket

Back 10

Cant find in book.....

Front 11

Headache definition

Back 11

A pain in the head from any cause.

(Mosby 808)

Front 12

Headache types: Hypertensive headache

Back 12

Can't find

Front 13

Headache types: Cluster HA

Back 13

Stabbing pain; may be accompanied by tearing, eyelid drooping, reddened eye, or runny nose

Front 14

Headache types: Tension HA

Back 14

Dull, tight, diffuse

Front 15

Headache types: Migraine HA

Back 15

Accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to noise or light

May have prodro-mal stage (visual disturbances, vertigo, tinnitus, numbness or tin-gling of fingers or toes); may be pre-cipitated by emotional disturbances, anxiety, or ingestion of alcohol, cheese, chocolate, or other foods and substances to which client is sensitive. (291)

Front 16

Face: stroke signs

Back 16

Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes or sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination may be a sign of an impending stroke. (277)

A sudden, severe headache with no known cause may be a sign of impending stroke. (277)

Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs—especially on one side of the body—may indicate an impending stroke. (277)

Front 17

Face: epistaxis

Back 17

Bleeding (epistaxis) or crusting may be noted on the lower anterior part of the nasal septum with local irritation. (360)

Front 18

Face: agenesis

Back 18

a congenital absence of an organ or part, usually caused by a lack of primordial tissue and failure of development in the embryo (Mosby 52)

Front 19

Face: dysphagia

Back 19

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or odynophagia (painful swallowing) may be seen with tumors of the pharynx, esophagus, or surround-ing structures, narrowing of the esophagus such as in post radia-tion, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), anxiety, poorly fitting dentures, or neuromuscular disorders. Dysphagia increases the risk for aspiration, and clients with dysphagia may require consultation with a speech therapist. Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or moving the tongue or jaws may be a late sign of oral cancer. Malocclusion may also cause difficulty chewing or swallowing.

Front 20

Face: xerostomia

Back 20

dryness of the mouth caused by cessation of normal salivary secretion. The condition is a symptom of various diseases such as diabetes, acute infections, hysteria, and Sjögren's syndrome and can be caused by paralysis of facial nerves. It may also result from radiation treatments for cancers of the face, head, or neck. It is also caused by an adverse reaction to drugs.

(Mosby 1906)

Front 21

Mouth: normal findings of tongue

Back 21

Tongue should be pink, moist, a moderate size with papillae (little protuberances) present.A common variation is a fissured, topo-graphic-map–like tongue, which is not unusual in older clients (Fig. 18-10).No lesions are present.

Front 22

Mouth: normal findings of uvula

Back 22

The uvula is a fleshy, solid structure that hangs freely in the midline. No redness of or exudate from uvula or soft palate. Midline elevation of uvula and symmetric elevation of the soft palate. (359)

Front 23

Mouth: normal findings of palate

Back 23

The hard palate is pale or whitish with firm, transverse rugae (wrinkle-like folds).

Palatine tissues are intact; the soft palate should be pinkish, movable, spongy, and smooth.(358)

Front 24

Mouth: normal findings of frenulum

Back 24

Midline (357)

Front 25

Location of facial sinuses

Back 25

Four pairs of paranasal sinuses (frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal) are located in the skull

Front 26

EYE: intraocular pressure (causes, how diagnosed)

Back 26

The intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma interferes with the blood supply to optic structures and results in the following characteristics: an enlarged physiologic cup that occupies more than half of the disc’s diameter, pale base of enlarged physiologic cup, and obscured or displaced retinal vessels.

Tonometry is used to measure pressure within the eye. Normal eye pressures range from 10 to 21 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Eye pressures greater than 22 mm Hg increase one’s risk for develop-ing glaucoma. However, people with normal eye pressure may develop glaucoma (300)

Front 27

EYE: cover test

Back 27

Perform cover test. The cover test detects deviation in alignment or strength and slight deviations in eye movement by interrupting the fusion reflex that normally keeps the eyes parallel.Ask the client to stare straight ahead and focus on a distant object. Cover one of the client’s eyes with an opaque card (Fig. 16-11). As you cover the eye, observe the uncovered eye for movement. Now remove the opaque card and observe the previously covered eye for any movement. Repeat test on the opposite eye.

The uncovered eye should remain fixed straight ahead. The covered eye should remain fixed straight ahead after being uncovered. (310)

Front 28

EYE: cranial nerves that control eye muscles

Back 28

the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI). (295)

Front 29

EYE: Retinal structures,

Back 29

The innermost layer, the retina, extends only to the ciliary body anteriorly. It receives visual stimuli and sends it to the brain. The retina consists of numerous layers of nerve cells, including the cells commonly called rods and cones. These spe-cialized nerve cells are often referred to as “photoreceptors” because they are responsive to light. The rods are highly sensi-tive to light, regulate black-and-white vision, and function in dim light. The cones function in bright light and are sensitive to color.

Front 30

EAR: tympanic membrane appearance (normal & abnormal)

Back 30

The tympanic membrane should be pearly, gray, shiny, and translucent, with no bulging or retrac-tion. It is slightly concave, smooth, and intact. A cone-shaped reflection of the otoscope light is normally seen at 5 o’clock in the right ear and 7 o’clock in the left ear. The short process and handle of the malleus and the umbo are clearly visible (see Fig. 17-2A and B, p. 329). (337)

Abnormal findings in the tympanic mem-brane may include:• Red, bulging eardrum and distorted, diminished, or absent light reflex—acute otitis media• Yellowish, bulging membrane with bubbles behind—serous otitis media• Bluish or dark red color—blood behind the eardrum from skull trauma• White spots—scarring from infection• Perforations—trauma from infection• Prominent landmarks—eardrum retrac-tion from negative ear pressure resulting from an obstructed eustachian tube• Obscured or absent landmarks—eardrum thickening from chronic otitis media (see Abnormal Findings 17-2 on page 343).

Front 31

EAR: procedure to perform otoscopic exam on a young child,

Back 31

Pull ear down and back?

Front 32

Thorax: respiratory assessment findings– normal

Front 33

Thorax: respiratory assessment findings patients with kyphosis

Back 33

Kyphosis (an increased curve of the thoracic spine) is common in older clients (see Abnormal Findings 19-1 on page 393). It results from a loss of lung resiliency and a loss of skeletal muscle. It may be a normal finding.

Front 34

Thorax: respiratory assessment findings: barrel chest

Back 34

Barrel-chest configuration results in a more horizontal position of the ribs and costal angle of more than 90 degrees. This often results from long-standing emphysema.

Front 35

Thorax: respiratory assessment findings: Pectus excavatum

Back 35

Pectus excavatum is a markedly sunken ster-num and adjacent cartilages (often referred to as funnel chest). It is a congenital malfor-mation that seldom causes symptoms other than self-consciousness.

Front 36

Technique when auscultating the chest, confirmation of chest expansion

Back 36

Listen at each site for at least one complete respiratory cycle. Follow the sequence for anterior auscultation shown in Figure 19-23.

Front 37

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: description of lungs

Back 37

Right lung has three lobes, left Lung has 2 lobes.

Front 38

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: purpose of pulse oximeter

Back 38

Blood oxygen saturation

Front 39

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: wheezing,

Back 39

Wheezing indicates narrowing of the airways due to spasm or obstruction. Wheezing is associated with CHF, asthma (reactive airway disease), or excessive secretions.

Front 40

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: bronchophony,

Back 40

Bronchophony: Ask the client to repeat the phrase “ninety-nine” while you auscultate the chest wall.

Normal:

Voice transmission is soft, muffled, and indistinct. The sound of the voice may be heard but the actual phrase cannot be distinguished.

Abnormal:

The words are easily understood and louder over areas of increased density. This may indicate consolidation from pneumonia, atelectasis, or tumor.

Front 41

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: pectoriloquy,

Back 41

Whispered pectoriloquy: Ask the client to whisper the phrase “one–two–three” while you auscultate the chest wall.

Normal: Transmission of sound is very faint and muffled. It may be inaudible.

Abnormal: Over areas of consolidation or compression, the sound is transmitted clearly and distinctly. In such areas, it sounds as if the client is whispering directly into the stethoscope.

Front 42

LUNGS/BREATH SOUNDS: bronchovesicular

Back 42

Normal:

Three types of normal breath sounds may be auscultated—bronchial, bronchovesicular, and vesicular (see Table 19-1 on page 389).

Abnormal:

Diminished or absent breath sounds often indicate that little or no air is moving in or out of the lung area being auscultated. This may indicate obstruction within the lungs as a result of secretions, mucus plug, or a foreign object. It may also indicate abnor-malities of the pleural space such as pleural thickening, pleural effusion, or pneumotho-rax.

Front 43

Signs & symptoms, nursing precautions & nursing diagnosis: Bronchitis

Back 43

acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the tracheobronchial tree. Caused by the spread of upper respiratory viral or sometimes bacterial infections to the bronchi,

(Mosby 249)

Front 44

Signs & symptoms, nursing precautions & nursing diagnosis: pneumonia,

Back 44

b

Front 45

Signs & symptoms, nursing precautions & nursing diagnosis: tuberculosis

Back 45

b

Front 46

Signs & symptoms, nursing precautions & nursing diagnosis: pulmonary edema

Back 46

b

Front 47

Risk factors for Breast Cancer: Assessment

Back 47

b

Front 48

Risk factors for Breast Cancer: Health history interview techniques

Back 48

b

Front 49

Risk factors for Breast Cancer: Ethnic group most at risk

Back 49

b