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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the three ways in which Carbohydrates are classified in 3 main ways.
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monosaccharides
disaccharides polysaccharides |
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Give another name for monosaccharides.
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simple sugars
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Give another name for disaccharides.
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double sugars
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What does the body require in order to function?
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a source of energy
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Name some functions of carbohydrates.
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It acts as an important source of energy and it acts as a 'protein sparer', so that the protein can be used for its primary functions rather than as a a source of energy
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What three elements do all types of carbohydrates contain?
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carbon
oxygen hydrogen |
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What term did oxygen and hydrogen present?
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the term 'hydrate'
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What are carbohydrates mainly produced by?
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by plants
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During what process are carbohydrates made?
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photosynthesis
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What are monosaccharides?
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They are the common base units from which all carbohydrates are made. They are sweet and soluble in water
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What are the three main monosaccharides?
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Glucose
Fructose Galactose |
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Give 2 other names for the word 'glucose'.
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Dextrose
blood sugar |
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Explain glucose
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It is the form of carbohydrate that the body uses for energy. It is the base unit that all other carbohydrates are converted into glucose during/after digestion. The glucose is then circulated around the blood stream to the body of cells. It absorbs the fastest in the blood stream
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What is the function of insulin?
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Insulinn controls the amount of sugar in the blood
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Where is glucose found?
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It is found mainly in ripe fruits, carrot, beetroot, onions, corn syrup, etc., and is also available in liquid, powder, and tablet form.
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Who usually takes glucose to get a fast source of energy?
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athletes
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Give two other names for fructose.
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fruit sugar
levulose |
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Why fructose sometimes called fruit sugar?
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Because it is found predominantly in ripe fruits, plant juices and honey
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Where is galactose found?
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It is found mainly in the milk of mammals, where it forms part of the milk sugar, lactose
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What are disaccharides made from?
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These are made from 2 monosaccharide units joined together
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Give some characteristics of disaccharides.
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They are soluble in water and are broken down in the body into simple sugars during digestion.
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Name the three main types of disaccharides .
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Sucrose
Lactose Maltose |
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What is sucrose formed from?
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It is formed from one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose
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Where is sucrose most commonly used?
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In cookery
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How is sucrose obtained?
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by refining sugar cane or sugar beet
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What is sucrose used for?
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It is used to sweeten foods
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What form is sucrose found in?
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In concentrated form as sugar
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Where is sucrose also present?
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In some fruits and vegetables
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Give another name for lactose.
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milk sugar
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What is lactose formed from?
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From one unit of glucose and one unit of galactose
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Who usually takes glucose to get a fast source of energy?
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athletes
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Give two other names for fructose.
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fruit sugar
levulose |
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Why fructose sometimes called fruit sugar?
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Because it is found predominantly in ripe fruits, plant juices and honey
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Where is galactose found?
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It is found mainly in the milk of mammals, where it forms part of the milk sugar, lactose
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What are disaccharides made from?
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These are made from 2 monosaccharide units joined together
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Give some characteristics of disaccharides.
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They are soluble in water and are broken down in the body into simple sugars during digestion.
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Name the three main types of disaccharides .
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Sucrose
Lactose Maltose |
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What is sucrose formed from?
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It is formed from one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose
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Where is sucrose most commonly used?
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In cookery
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How is sucrose obtained?
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by refining sugar cane or sugar beet
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What is sucrose used for?
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It is used to sweeten foods
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What form is sucrose found in?
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In concentrated form as sugar
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Where is sucrose also present?
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In some fruits and vegetables
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Give another name for lactose.
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milk sugar
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What is lactose formed from?
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From one unit of glucose and one unit of galactose
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Where is lactose found?
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It is found in the milk of mammals
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Why is lactose found in the milk of mammals?
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To supply the infant with a source of energy
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Give 1 other characteristic of lactose.
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It is not as sweet as other sugars.(sucrose)
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Give another name for maltose.
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Malt sugar
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What is maltose formed from?
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Maltose is formed from two units of glucose
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Where is maltose found?
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It is found in cereals such as barley, malted products and beer
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What happens to maltose found in cereals?
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It is formed there during germination
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During digestion, what are disaccharides broken down to before being absorbed into the bloodstream?
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to glucose and other monosaccharides
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What are sugars also classified as?
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Intrinsic sugars
Extrinsic sugars:- non-milk extrinsic sugars milk sugars |
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What are intrinsic sugars?
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those that form part of the cell structure of the plants, e.g. in fruit
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What are extrinsic sugars?
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Those that are not part of the cell structure of plants
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What do exrinsic sugars include?
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non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) and milk sugars
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Give examples of NMES.
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refined sugar, extracted sugars in honey and fruit juice, sugars added to foods
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Give examples of milk sugars
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mostly lactose, found naturally in milk and milk products
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What are Polysachharides otherwise known as?
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complex starches
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What are polysachharides made from?
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from varying numbers of monosaccharide units
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Give some other charasteristic of polysaccharides.
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They are usually insoluble in cold water and are tasteless. They vary in thickness
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What are the main polysachharides?
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Starch
Dextrin Cellulose Pectin Glycogen |
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What is starch formed from?
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From many glucose units joined together like links in a chain
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How is cellulose formed?
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It is formed by plants from glucose units joined together in such a way that a strong, structural material is produced.
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What do the plants use the material for?
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for support in stems, leaves, husks of seeds, and bark
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Where is cellulose mainly found?
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It is found in virtually all foods of plant origin
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Give a characteristic of cellulose having to do with the human body.
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It cannot be digested by humans, but is of great value to the body as dietary fibre, NSP
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What is starch formed in photosynthesis as?
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as a chief food reserve, in particular in root vegetables, cereals, and pulses
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What happens during digestion to glucose units that make up starch?
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they break down into smaller chains, then into disacccharides, and finally into single glucose units, which are absorbed into the blood.
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When is dextrin formed?
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It is formed when food containing starch, e.g bread, are baked or toasted
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Give other characteristics of dextrin
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It is more soluble than starch and it forms part of the crust on foods contaning starch like bread etc.
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What is pectin?
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Pectin is a complex polysaccharide formed by some plants, e.g. plums, apples, in their fruits and roots
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Give some other characteristics of pectin.
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It forms gels in water and is responsible for setting jam. It can be commercially extracted for this purpose
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When is glycogen formed and in what?
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It is formed after digestion in humans and other animals
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What is done to some of the glucose to ensure that the body has a reserve of enrgy that can be quickly used?
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It is converted into glycogen for temporary storage in the liver and muscles
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When will the glycogen convert into glucose?
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When energy is required for the body
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What do NSP's include?
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cellulose, pectin and gums such as carrageenan, gum arabic, and locust bean gum
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What do NSP's make up?
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They make up dietary fibre
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Give other characeristics of NSP's.
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they are not digested by micro-organisms in the large intestine, and are very important in removing waste from the digestive system
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