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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Questions Epidemiologist Ask
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Who is getting the disease? When did they get the diesease? Where is the disease occuring? |
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Incidence and Prevalence |
Incidence - number of new cases Prevalence - number of existing cases If causes or risk factors increase, incidence and prevalence increase Prevalence depends on incidence and prognosis |
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Types of Epidemiological studies |
Intervention study Cohort Study - A type of study where investigators can link exposures to results by observation alone Case-Control Study - Start with people who are already ill and look back to determine their exposure |
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Vital Statistics |
Birth Certificates Death Certificates Notifiable Diseases Other Vital Statistics |
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Surveys |
NCHS actively conducts a number of surveys to gather additional information on the health of the American population. |
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Factors that Lend Validity to Results |
Strong Association Dose-Response relationship Known biological explanation LArge study population Consistent results from several studies |
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Federal Legislation |
Clean Water Act - 1972, 1977, 1987 -Lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable Safe Drinking Water Act - 1974, 1966 EPA should set standars for local systems, states should enforce the standars |
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Indoor Air Pollutants |
Sources - tobacco smoke, wood-burning stoves and fireplaces, gas ranges, and furnaces Radon - danger is unclear, seeps up from soil and rock, can be sealed out |
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Solid waste disposal Methods |
Sanitary Landfills - Lined with plastic, drains liquids, vents to control explosive gasses, tipping fee. |
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Point Source Polution |
any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack |
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Criteria Air Pollutants |
six common air pollutants required to be monitered by the clean air act known to be harmful to health and the environment -particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and lead. |
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Water Borne disease |
the CDC provides surveillance and data and publishes its data every two years analyzing outbreaks caused by the agent, type of water system, type of deficiency in the system and the source of water. |
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Carrying Capacity |
J curve - Exponential (un-restricted) growth the growth rate of the population accelerates and then dies quickly S curve - Logistic (restricted) growth the rate accelerates to a point of maximum growht and then slowly slows down |
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Effects of overpopulation |
Excess population settles in cities- homelessness, shanty towns -- poor sanitation. HIV/AIDS shortening life expectancies. Depletion of Global resources such as fresh water, food, arable land, and food from sea. |
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Prospects for population control |
Opposition to contraception by catholics and Musilms (proposed by UN conference 1994) -20 year programme of action, education for women, empowering women to choose fewer children. - Population stabilization comes with modernization and economic viability |
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Demographic Transition |
Birth rates tend to fall as a result of falling death rates |
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Medicare Coverage and Financing |
Medicare enrollment has more than doubled since 1966 and will continue to grow. Medicare does not pay for long term care, medicaid does straning state budgets Medicare pays for only half the expenses of its enrollees |
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Health status of older people |
-majority of older people especially in younger group in good health. -Causes of death for older people pretty much the same for the rest of the population -does longer life expectancy lead to more healthy years or longer periods of chronic illness and disability. |
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IADL's |
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living =
-managing finances -handling transportation -shopping -preparing meals -using telephone |
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ADL |
Activities of Daily Living = -Feeding -Toileting -Selecting proper attire -Grooming -Maintaining continence -Putting on clothes |
