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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: Disaster |
Any human or natural event that causes destruction and devastation that cannot be alleviated without assistance |
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two kinds of disasters |
man made natural |
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Natural disaster example |
Floods, hurricane, volcano tornado |
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man made disaster example |
Riots, and civil unrest School violence Wars over land |
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Human made disaster trends |
Have increased due to over crowding and urban development - can be seen as consequence of poorly managed risk |
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Steps to managing Disaster |
1. Mitigation 2. Preparedness 3. Response 4. Recovery 5. Evaluation |
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Mitigation |
Eliminate or reduce the impact or consequence of disaster before it happens- prevention Involves anticipating the risk and potential outcome of a disaster and measures are put into place before the disaster to minimize or limit the effect. ei: Building codes, land use planning, insurance incentive, hazard mapping |
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Preparedness |
To be prepared - ahead of time is best- and to be ready to respond and manage situations when disaster does strike - includes: plan, training, warning systems, emergency communication systems, evacuation plans , resource invetories |
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Importance of planning |
Decreases the impact that an emergency or disaster has on individuals, organizations or communities. If you fail to plan you plan to fail. |
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Response |
To act during or immediately before or after a disaster to manage its consequences through such things as emergency communication, search and rescue, triage, and evac. |
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Who will respond municipally |
Community services - EMS, Fire and Police AHS |
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Who will respond provincially |
Alberta emergency management agency |
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who will respond federally |
RED CROSS Public safety Canada Health Canada |
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Who will respond globally |
United Nations |
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Recovery |
Repairing and restoring conditions to an acceptable level through measure taken after a disaster - returning evacuees, trauma counselling, reconstruction, economic impact studies, financial assistance |
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Immediate effects: |
Loosing house, car, money |
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Short term effects: |
Living in a back up place |
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Long term effects |
Re building cities |
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Public Health impacts of Disasters |
Infectious disease outbreaks Chronic disease complication Disability and death Environmental impact Lost infrastructure |
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Infectious disease outbreaks after disaster are caused by |
Dead bodies Population displacement Food and water supply Sanitation Over crowding Vectorborne disease Wounds and injuries |
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Psychological effects of disaster: |
Pre existing disorders Depression PTSD Anxiety Acute circumstantial distress |
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Activities to adress psychological response to disasters |
Mental Health infrastructures prior to disaster Reduction of impact through planning Protecting vulnerable groups Psych first aid on scene and follow ups |
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3 main goals of public health |
Promote Health Prolong Life Prevent Disease |
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What is an Infectious Disease |
Caused by pathogenic microorganisms Multiple transmission paths Affects everyone, but some populations are more vulnerable than others CAUSED BY SPECIFIC PATHOGENIC AGENT to a SUSCEPTIBLE HOST |
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Endemic: |
Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group |
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Epidemic |
Occurrence of a disease in a place clearly in excess of what is expected |
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Pandemic |
Disease affecting large numbers of people crossing many international borders |
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Airborne transmission |
Viruses or bacteria are released into air Environmental factors can affect the spread of disease - high humidity etc. Prevent by hand washing, immunizations and wearing a respirator |
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Water and Food transmission |
Caused by pathogenic microorganism that are transmitted through contaminated water - sanitation of water and food are linked prevention approach: tertiary |
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Specific concerns to water borne transmission |
Some pathogens are resistant to water treatments - in highly populated areas water is transported via large interconnected distribution systems - rural water is untreated - water is limited source - not used only for drinking |
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Vector Transmission |
Transmission through bite from animal to human. Zoonotic |
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Epidemiological Triangle |
Host, Agent, Environment Disease occurs when an outside agent capable of causing disease meets a host that is vulnerable to agent in an environment that allows the host and agent to interact. |
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Agent: |
What is causing illness? : Virus, Bacteria, fungi etc |
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Host |
Who? Organisms that is susceptible: Human, dog etc - can also be the carrier too : Mosquito, bats, |
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Environment |
Where: Favourable surrounding and conditions external to the host that allow the disease to be transmitted ei: Warm temp, stagnent water |
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Steps for an outbreak response |
1. preparation: surveillance system for early detection, protocols, plans 2. Detection: Thresholds established to define outbreak 3. Response: Treat infected, confirmation of investigated cases, test samples, investigate who is most likely to get it 4. Evaluation: Assess success of control measures , change policy if needed |
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Risk Assessment |
Consider potential adverse effects and severity perform an exposure assessment and monitor Determine actual risk |
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Why is risk assessment important |
1. Basis for communication of risk to others 2. Foundation for risk management 3. Basis for decision to notify public of possible danger 4. Guide the gathering of information based on scientific results |
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Risk triangle |
Risk Management, Risk Communication, Risk Assessment. |
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Low risk + Low consequence = |
Little concern |
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high risk + high consequence= |
Top concern |
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Prevention Measures |
Primary( Health education, safety measures, specific measures like vaccinations), Secondary (early diagnosis, screening, prompt treatment) , Tertiary (physio, surgery etc). |
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Public Health Act |
Act prevails over any enactment Health inspections Outbreaks: Declaring and isolation |
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Notifiable Diseases |
List of disease that allow PbH to do follow up and ensure the proper treatment and prevention of communicable disease. Includes info like: Case definition, Outbreak definition, |
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The work of Public Health includes: |
Healthy Public Policy, Health Promo and Health Protection |
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Health protection meaning |
- the recognition of health hazards and the application of the systematic methods to reduce exposure to them - Interventions reduce health risks by changing the physical or social environment which ppl live in - delivered at the organizational, local, provincial and national and international level |
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Ensuring a Safe Environment needs to have |
Clean Water Clean Air Safe food |
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why is it important to study Environmental Health |
- Understanding potential hazards and adverse effects posed by environmental agents and the extent to which these factors play a role in human disease - Provides tools for assessing, correcting , controlling and preventing factors in the enviro that can potentially have an adverse effect on health |
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At its core Environment Health addresses |
Hazards associated with human basic needs |
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Human basic needs include |
Food, Air, Sanitation, Shelter, Space and water |
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The Market |
Individuals pursue their own welfare Based on self - interest, competition and exchange Dominant in political discussions |
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The Polis |
Community, public interest, collective will and effort - Public interest shapes our own interest - common problem - changes over time - not unanimous consensus |
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Qualities of a Political Society |
Influence, cooperation, loyalty, groups, information, passion, power |
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Influence |
- Shapes idea and actions - The more people there are saying or doing something the more it influences others. |
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Cooperation |
as important as competition in the polis alliances and groups formed to support one another against opponents |
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Loyalty |
Polis: will stick by friends and allies Market: Vary more |
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Groups |
People belong to organizations and institutions even if they are not formal members - opinions are shaped by their organizations - decisions of the polis are collective |
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Ideal Market |
Info is accurate, complete and available to everyone no cost |
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Realistic Polis |
Info is interpretive, incomplete and strategically witheld |
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Power |
Subordinate other individual or group interests |
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Policy is |
using ideas to gather political support in order to control the policy - comes from differing ideas of what is fair, just, right and good |
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Policy |
Group statements that: State action, decisions, or choices - focus on behaviour, and emphasize process - Explicitly or implicitly reflect a decision to act or not act - work towards a goal, or are problem and solution oriented |
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Common forms of Policy |
Value statements and missions Code of conduct Rules Allocation of funds development and implementation of programming |
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Who makes Policy |
Depends on source of policy, but in PbH mostly public servants and elected officials in gov't |
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Who Enforces Policy |
- Implemented by whomever is the most appropriate actor at a given stage of implementation - Not necessarily enforceable - ei mission statement for employees. - if it is, its not similar to law |
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Health Policy |
Focus on the health care system present orientated - Canada Health Transfer - Universal Health Care - Medical Assistance in Dying |
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Healthy Public Policy |
Focus on health at a population level Future Oriented - Food safety - Immunization - occupational health and safety rules |
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Policy Cycle |
Problem Definition Agenda setting Policy Development Implementations Evaluation |
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Policy Cycle Triangle (3i) |
Ideas, Interests and institutions |
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Insitutions |
- rules of the game - structures that organize states, societies and international systems - shape and reify behaviours and norms - highly resistant to change |
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Pierson Policy Model |
- policies provide political actors with resources and incentives - policies have interpretive effects |
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Two catagories of ideas |
Knowledge and beliefs - what is Values - what should be |
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Agenda setting |
Problem being recognized and how it is interpreted and subsequently understood |
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Kingdon's stream |
Problems, Politics, policies: determine if the issue makes it to the government or decision agenda |
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Making the government agenda |
Called policy window |
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Social marketing process is: |
Influencing human behaviour on a large scale using marketing principals for the purpose of societal benefit rather than commercial profit |
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Social vs commercial marketing |
social: social good commercial: financial |
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positive Social marketing points |
Social or behaviour change strategy catalyst for people targeted to those ready to change Strategic |
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4 P's |
Product, price, placement, promotion |
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Product |
product or service intended to meet the needs of the target audience |
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Price |
Cost |
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Placement |
availability of product |
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Promo |
communication of product service |
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Steps in Social Marketing process |
Initial plannin Formative research Strategy development Program Development Material and non material interventions Implementations Monitoring and evaluations |
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Ottawa Charter of Health |
1. Build Healthy Public Policy:Legislation, Guidelines, Directives 2. Create supportive Environments: Disaster management, social capital 3. Strengthen Community Action: Community development 4. Develop Personal Skills: Health education, enhance life skills, behavioural change 5. Reorient health services: Upstream approach |
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Belief |
Based on info - links an object to an action or attribute |
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Values |
Emotionally charged beliefs that determine what is considered important |
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Attitudes |
Stable feelings about a particular issue; can influence behaviour or be influenced by behaviour |
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Drives |
Strong motivating factors |
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Self Efficacy |
Perceived sense of control over their life and self confidence to take action |
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Health Belief Model |
Oldest model a stimulus must be present in order to trigger a behaviour change |
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6 factors of HBM |
Perceived susceptibility: chances of getting something severity: seriousness of it Benefits: positive if change Barriers: whats stopping you Cues to action: Readiness to change Self- Efficacy: confidence in self change |
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Trans theoretical Model |
Involves stages and process of change 1. Pre-contemplation: no intention of change 2. Contemplation: seriously considering it 3. Preparation: intend to take action 4. Action: doing it 5. Maintenance: keeping up with it |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
Behaviours are influenced by the enviro and the person and vice versa |
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Media that promotes Health |
Planned campaigns Unpaid Media coverage Social Marketing Media advocacy |
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Equality vs Equity |
Equality: Everyone has the same sized box but are different heights so only the biggest prospers (differences: women vs men smoking) Equity: even distribution to ensure everyone is at the same level (unfairness: life expectancy from one hood to another) |
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Relative poverty vs absolute poverty |
Relative: In relation to the society you live in Absolute: you have nothing at all |
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Health Promotion deffinition |
Enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants |
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Key aspects of Health promotion |
whole population upstream Approach using multiple approaches proactive public participation |
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Enablement |
enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential |
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Mediation |
Health for all cannot be accomplished by one sector alone, must be spread out |
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Advocacy |
Defending or promoting a cause |
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Public Health |
Prolonging life, promoting health and preventing disease |
