Psychology Ch. 11 Quiz

Front 1

Define the construct of personality in terms of consistency and distinctiveness.

Back 1

Consistency refers to how you behave most of the time.
Distinctiveness refers to how one is different from another because no one acts the same.

Front 2

Explain what is meant by a personality trait.

Back 2

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Front 3

Extraversion

Back 3

Characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive.

Front 4

Neuroticism

Back 4

Tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, and vulnerable

Front 5

Openess to experience

Back 5

associated with curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, and unconventional attitudes.

Front 6

Describe Freud's three components of personality: id, ego, and superego.

Back 6

id- primitive, instictive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle
ego- the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
superego- moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

Front 7

How are these components distributed across the three levels of awareness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)?

Back 7

Conscious- contact with the outside world (ego)
Preconscious- Material just beneath the surface of awareness (ego and superego)
Unconscious- difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness (id, superego, and ego)

Front 8

How do the id and ego operate according to the pleasure principle and the reality principle?

Back 8

The id which operates on the pleasure principle demands instant gratification of its urges.
The ego which operates on the reality principle seeks to delay the gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.

Front 9

Freud's theory argues that personality develops because of constant conflict in people's lives (in particular, sexual and aggressive conflict). Describe defense mechanisms that people use to deal with conflict.

Back 9

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Front 10

Repression

Back 10

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
Ex. A traumatized soldier has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death.

Front 11

Projection

Back 11

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
Ex. A woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but feels that the boss doesn't like her.

Front 12

Displacement

Back 12

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.
Ex. After parental scolding, a young girl takes her anger out on her little brother.

Front 13

Reaction Formation

Back 13

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.
Ex. A parent who unconsciously resents a child spoils the child with outlandish gifts.

Front 14

Regression

Back 14

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.
Ex. An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn't get his way.

Front 15

Rationaliztaion

Back 15

Creating false but plausible excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.
Ex. A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that "additional study wouldn't do any good anyway."

Front 16

Identification

Back 16

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.
Ex. An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self esteem.

Front 17

Outline Freud's five psychosexual stages of development, and describe the key tasks and experiences that are associated with each stage.

Back 17

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Front 18

Oral (0-1 years)

Back 18

Mouth (sucking,biting)
Weaning (from breast to bottle)

Front 19

Anal (2-3 years)

Back 19

Anus (expelling or retaining feces)
Toilet training

Front 20

Phallic (4-5 years)

Back 20

Genitals (masturbating)
Identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal crisis

Front 21

Latency (6-12 years)

Back 21

None (sexually repressed)
Expanding social contacts

Front 22

Genital (puberty onward)

Back 22

Genitals (being sexually intimate)
Establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working

Front 23

Summarize the assumptions based on research that provide support for pschodynamic personality theories.

Back 23

1. Unconscious forces can influence behavior
2. Internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress
3. Early childhood experiences can influence adult personality
4. People do use defense mechanisms to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions

Front 24

What are major weaknesses of pschodynamic theories?

Back 24

1. Poor testability
2. Inadequate evidence
3. Sexism

Front 25

Bandura's social cognitive theory. What is observational learning?

Back 25

Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others.

Front 26

Mischel's person-situation perspective.

Back 26

People make responses that they think will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand.

Front 27

Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of behavioral approach to personality.

Back 27

1. Behaviorists have indiscriminately generalized from animal behavior to human behavior
2. In carving personality into stimulus-response bonds, behaviorists have provided a fragmented view of personality

Front 28

Describe self-report inventories and summarize the strengths and weaknesses of self-report inventories.

Back 28

Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.
1. Deliberate deception
2. Social desirability bias
3. Response sets

Front 29

Describe projective tests and summarize the strengths and weaknesses of projective tests.

Back 29

Ask participants to responds to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits.
1. inconsistent
2. not reliable