Psychology By David Myers 10Th Edition Chapter 6 Part 3

Front 1

Bottom-up Processing

Back 1

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors
and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. (p. 218)

Front 2

Top-down Processing

Back 2

information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. (p. 218)

Front 3

Psychophysics

Back 3

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (p. 218)

Front 4

Subliminal

Back 4

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (p. 219)

Front 5

Priming

Back 5

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response. (pp. 219, 316)

Front 6

Weber's Law

Back 6

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant
amount). (p. 221)

Front 7

Transduction

Back 7

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret. (p. 218)

Front 8

Wavelength

Back 8

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

(p. 227)

Front 9

Hue

Back 9

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. (p. 227)

Front 10

Accommodation

Back 10

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (p. 228)

Front 11

Optic Nerve

Back 11

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (p. 229)

Front 12

Feature Detectors

Back 12

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. (p. 231)

Front 13

Parallel Processing

Back 13

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step
(serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. (p. 231)

Front 14

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) Theory

Back 14

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in
combination, can produce the perception of any color. (p. 233)

Front 15

Opponent-process Theory

Back 15

the theory that opposing retinal processes
(red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (p. 234)

Front 16

Frequency

Back 16

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). (p. 244)

Front 17

Middle Ear

Back 17

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. (p. 244)

Front 18

Inner Ear

Back 18

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. (p. 244)

Front 19

Place Theory

Back 19

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. (p. 247)

Front 20

Frequency Theory

Back 20

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (p. 247)

Front 21

Cochlear Implant

Back 21

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into
the cochlea. (p. 246)

Front 22

Sensory Interaction

Back 22

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. (p. 253)

Front 23

Figure-ground

Back 23

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). (p. 235)

Front 24

Grouping

Back 24

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. (p. 235)

Front 25

Phi Phenomenon

Back 25

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. (p. 239)

Front 26

Perceptual Adaption

Back 26

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially
displaced or even inverted visual field. (p. 243)

Front 27

Perceptual Set

Back 27

A mental predisposition

Front 28

Human Factors Psychology

Back 28

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and the physical environment can be made safe and easy to use

Front 29

Extrasensory Perception

Back 29

the controversial claim that perception
can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. (p. 259)

Front 30

Parapsychology

Back 30

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. (p. 259)