Psychology By David Myers 10Th Edition Chapter 5

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Developmental Psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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Embryo

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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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Fetus

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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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Teratogens

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( literally, "monster maker" ) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportiones.

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Habituation

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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Maturation

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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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Cognition

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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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Schema

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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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Assimilation

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interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

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Accommodation

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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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Sensorimotor Stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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Object Permanence

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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Egocentrism

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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another’s point of view

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Preoperational Stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage ( from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age ) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

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Conservation

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the principle (which Piaget believed to be apart of conrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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Theory of Mind

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people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

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Concrete operational Stage

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in Piaget's theory , the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain to think logically about concrete events.

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Formal operational Stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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Stranger Anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display
beginning by about 8 months of age

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Attachment

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an emotional tie with another person ; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

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Critical Period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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Imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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Basic Trust

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according to Erik Erikson , a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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Self-Concept

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our understanding and evaluation of who we are.

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Adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

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puberty

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the period of sexual maturation , during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

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Menarche

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[meh-NAR-key] the first menstrual period.

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Identity

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our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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Social Identity

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the "we " aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to " who am I ? "" that comes from our group memberships .

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Intimacy

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in Erickson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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Emerging Adulthood

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for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

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Menopause

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the time of natural cessation of menstruation
also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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Cross-Sectional Study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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Longitudinal Study

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a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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Social Clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage,parenthood,retirement.