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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is motivation |
Inferred process within a person that causes movement towards a goal or away from an unpleasant situation |
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What does the process motivation influence |
The direction The persistence The vigour Of a goal directed behaviour
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What are biological drives |
Focus if motivational research for many decades ex. Getting food |
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What is homeostasis |
Internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain (Refers to body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment) |
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What is allostasis |
Process where by motivation is not only influences by current needs but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress |
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What are the 2 parts of motives |
Drives ( physiological triggers that all us we my be deprived of some thing and cause us to seek what is needed) Incentives ( the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives) |
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The process of motivation |
Physiological disruptions of homeostasis leads to drives that motivate an organism to behave in ways to reduce the tension (Thirst influences drinking Pushes organism into action) |
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What is Hull |
Ultimate goal of motivated behaviour is to reduce drives |
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Motives |
Not always initiated by physiological deprivation Not always stopped when deprivation stopped |
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What is the present focus on |
Interaction amount biological, psychological and cultural factors that leads to achievement of goals or prevents achievement of a goal |
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What is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation |
Intrinsic (pursuit of activity for its own sake) Extrinsic (performing an activity for external rewards like money or avoid punishment) |
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What is physiology of hunger |
-homeostasis mechanisms help regulate eating -hunger not always linked to immediate energy needs -homeostatic mechanisms used to prevent low energy -metabolism (rate of energy (caloric) utilization |
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What us set point |
Is influenced weight range for an individual -maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, far reserves and metabolism |
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Set point variation |
Can vary in 10% either direction - if below (increase in appetite) - if above (lose if appetite) - predicts high heritability of weight and body fat |
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Body weight in twins |
Identical twins gain weight similarly (same places) 0.4 to 0.7 More similar than fraternal twins -genetic factors play large role -early environment has little effect in body shape, weight gain |
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What is the protein secreted by fat cells when we have usual form of ob gene |
Leptin (as fat gain secrete more) -signals brain to decrease appetite and increase energy - if too low because of ob gene mutation hypothalamus thinks fat reserves are low and we overeat |
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Discovery of gene that turns excess calories into heat instead of fat |
Not everyone has |
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How does leptin work |
Alters brain chemistry that influences how animals eat as adults -regulates weight by strengthening neural circuits in hypothalamus and weakens circuits that stimulate appetite (Influences formation of circuits in critical period) |
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What is the hypothesis about leptin |
Overfeeding infants while hypothalamus is developing may lead to childhood obesity |
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Why don't appetite suppressing drugs work |
Because of other facts that involed in weight regulation, metabolism rates and appetite Like..... -genes and body chemicals -hormones that regulate hunger -receptors in nose, mouth, stomach to regulate eating |
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What is the on and off switch in the hypothalamus |
(Set of nuclei found in bottom surface of brain) -stimulation of lateral hypothalamus causes rates to eat (on switch) -ventromedial region of hypothalamus (off switch) -paraventricular nucleus signals when to stop eating. By inhibiting the lateral hypothalamus |
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What does the hypothalamus do in eating |
Received messages about -taste -texture -smell From the mouth and nose and exchanges information with the frontal cortex - Also monitors blood chemrsty for levels of sugar and hormones involved in energy |
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Hypothalamus and glucose |
(Sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and body) -levels drop glucostats signal hypothalamus and increased hunger -food reaches stomach sugars are absorbed into bloodstream -insulin secreted by pancreas helps absorbs glucose - insulin levels rise hunger decreases but so does glucose which leads to hunger again |
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Our senses when eating |
Taste and variety motive what we eat (Most popular are foods with fat and sugar) -chemical receptors in mouth and nose detect tastes and smell of food -touch receptors in mouth detect texture (Infomatiom to orbitofrontal cortex turns contributes info into overall sensation of eating) -motivated to eat based on pleasure of eating |
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What are the environmental factors related to weight gain |
-increase abundance of fast food -consumption of high sugar, high calorie soft drinks -reduction of exercise (watching tv, remote controls, driving) -large quantities of many types of food - increase portion sizes |
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What is unit bias |
Tendency to assumes that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume -use portions let us know when we should stop eating -works better with some foods more than others -portion sizes have increased over time |
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Culture consumption |
Genetically predisposed to gain weight when rich food is plentiful (Advantageous in our evolutionary past when starvation was a real possibility) (No rich food is always available) |
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Canada and usa food |
Portions have been supersized -Culture where food is rare fat is seen as a sign if health (affluence in men, sexual desirability in women) -lack of fitness is more associated with health problems then excess weight |
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Social facilitation: eating more |
-longer a person sits a table the more likely they will continue to eat -host encourage guests to have more helpings |
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Impression management: eating less |
-people control their behaviour so others will see them in a certain way - Culture where eating a lot is rude, people will only ear small amounts of food when others around |
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Modelling: eating whatever they eat |
-if others arnt eating much we will model them and not each much and vice versa (even if not hungry) |
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Gender and the ideal body |
People have been getting heavier however - cultural ideal for women has been getting thinner -cultural ideal for men changed (Muscles used to mean working class but not symbolize affluence |
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Know |
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Errors in perception |
Women overestimate how thin they need to be Men overestimate how bulky they need to be |
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The pressures for thinness |
- between 50 and 90's trend towards thinner female body shape - cultural standards of beauty ( women feel pressure to conform) -overestimation of thinness for attractiveness |
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What is objectification theory |
Viewing body as an object -increases body shame and anxiety |
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Anorexia and bulimia |
Anorexia ( showed increased activity in the amygdala which is part of brain related to fear and emotional arousal when down negative words related to body image) Bulimia (greater levels of activity in medial frontal lobe regions related to emotional processing during the viewing of oversight as opposed to thin bodies) |
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Culture and eating disorders |
-Culture where overweight is a sign if health are more obese -Culture emphasizing thinness are more Likly to have eating disorders (Many with eating disorders reflect an international terror of being too fat) |
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Heredity of obesity (genetics) |
-Heredity influences basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue -40-70% of variation of people in body mass index |
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What is obesity and it's causes |
Disorder of postivite energy balance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure -huge variety of foods available (eat the same foods a lot we desire them less) -evolutionary need to crave fatty foods and store the excess energy in our bodies in case no food available -economics (obesity tends to affect the poor more then rich because unhealthy food is less expensive |
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What is bulimia |
Eating disorder by episodes of excessive eating follows by purging (normal body weight but negative consequences of purging like gastric problems, eroded teeth) 1.5% women 0.5% men |
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What is anorexia nervosa |
Eating disorder by fear of being fat, distorted body image, reduced consumption of food -strains heart, bone loss, risk of death -0.9% women -0.3% men |
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Causes of anorexia and bulimia |
-environmental -psychological -biological - cultural norms -personality factors -gentic |
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Influences on eating disorders |
-peer influence (behaviours learned from freinds) -family -unrealistic standards of beauty and self critical views -psychological factors like depression, anxiety -stress |
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What is libido |
The motivation for sexual activity and pleasure |
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Who was Alfred Kinsey |
Zoology professor who studied human sexual behaviour -published 2 books the Kinsey reports -made generalizations based on limited samples -heterosexuality and homosexuality fell on a continuous scale |
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Homosexual experience |
37% of male reptoee having a homo experience resulting in orgasm 13% of women reported a homo experience |
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What are more modern method to study what motives human sexual behaviour |
-more representative samples -anonymously completes questionnaires that encourage more candid responses |
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What are the primary motives of sex |
1)desire to reproduce 2)obtain and give sexual pleasure 3)express love and intimacy |
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What are the 6 underlying categories if motives for having sex (Cooper, Shapiro, powers, meston, buss) |
1)pleasure (satisfaction and physical pleasure of sex) 2)intimacy (emotional closeness) 3)attaining a goal( get status, money, revenge) 4)insecurity (reassurance that one us desirable) 5)partner approval (appease ones partner) 6) peer approval (impress friends, be part of group) |
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Hormones in sex |
Testosterone promotes sexual desire in both sexes -sexual behaviour increase testoerone -psycholigical factors are usually more important then hormones |
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What is sexual response cycle and what are the 4 stages by Masters and Johnson |
-describes the phases of physiological changes during sexual activity 4 primary stages 1)excitement 2)plateau 3)orgasm 4)resolution (May differ in duration I'm men and women) |
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Brain activity during orgasm |
Stimulation makes sensory nerves to send signals to hypothalamus -hypothalamus stimulus pituitary gland to release oxytocin -oxytocin plays role in orgasm and trust -remains for 5 mins -dopamine also |
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What us sexual desire affected by |
Values Fantasies Beliefs |
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What are fantasy |
Demonstrate mental process can influence physiological functioning |
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What is desire and arousal |
-some people are physiologically aroused but don't desire sex -some have desire but problems with arousal -stress,fatigue, anger, anxiety can affect arousal
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Cultural norms and sexual expression |
-shapes expression of sexuality - Cultural norms affect sexual practices -pass on ideas about sexuality through gender roles and sexual scripts |
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What are sexual scripts |
Set of rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation - Set of assumptions about the sexual behaviour for men and women |
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What is gender roles |
Collections of rules that determine the proper attitudes and behaviors for women and men |
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Gender roles reflect what |
A cultures social, demographic and economic arragments Ex. Women independent (financial freedom, sex for pleasure) Women marriage for security (No causeual sex cause might risk reputation, physical safety) |
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What is sexual orientation |
Emotional and erotic preference of partners of a particular sex (Sexual preference) -focus on psychological aspects of sexuality (desire, emotion) vs strictly on behaviours |
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What are the factors that don't explain homosexuality |
- smothering mother -absent father - Emotional problems - same sex play in childhood -parental practices -role models -seduction by older adult |
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Biological explanations for homosexuality |
Prenatal exposure to androgens -female exposed to masculine hormones May be heritable -majority of lesbians or gay men don't have gay relative An increase number of older brothers increased the likelihood of a male being gay |
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Sexual orientation in the brain |
-Smaller region of hypothalamus my lead to different sexual preferences -the size of the amygdalae -thickness of various areas of cerebral cortex |
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Read |
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Sexual orientation may be influenced by gene combination |
Twin studies Genetic correlations between 0.3 and 0.6 for homosexuality (suggests half of individual differences in sexual orientation due to genetic factors) Holds true for gay men |
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What is transgender and transsexual |
Transgender (individual who experience a mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their biological sex Transsexual (Subject of transgender individuals who with to permeanty transition from birth sex to gender they identify) |
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Transgender individual |
Sex hormones determine sex in 6-12 weeks Sexual differentatition of brain structure start in second prenatal development -transpeople my have had hormones that caused certain genitals while brain development in the other |
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What is maslow hierarchy of needs |
Low level needs have to be met first Based towards individualistic cultures Arranged hierarchically (period) |
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Belonging |
-Also known as affiliation -Universal human motive -to associate with people, by seeking friends, companionship and love -needed for human servival |
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What are the 4 reason we affiliate (Hill) |
1)to obtain positive stimulation 2)to receive emotional support 3)to gain attention 4)to permit social comparison |
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Social comparison viewpoint (fesinger) |
-comparison of our beliefs, feelings and behaviour with those of other people -helps determine whether our responses are normal allows us to determine our levels of cognitive abilities |
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What are the 2 types of love |
Companionate love -characterized by trust and affection -deep caring -commitment to be there for person Passionate/ romantic - characterized by intense emotions and sexual passion -less stable -tends to decline more quickly |
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Maternal and romantic love |
Passionate love starts in infancy as baby attached to mother Maternal and romantic love share -common evolutionary purpose, preserving the species -common neural mechanisms |
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What are the predictors of love |
Proximity effect -choosing friends and lovers from the set of people who are closest to us Similarity effect -choosing friends and lovers who are like us in looks, attitudes, beliefs, personality and traits |
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What are the attachment styles adults have to partners |
1) secure (rarely jealous or worried about being abandoned) 2) avoidant (distrustful and avoid intimate attachments) 3) anxious- ambivalent (agitated and worried that partner will leave, clingy) (Attachment styles result from how parents cared for the child) |
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What is Sternberg's triangular theory of love (ingredirnts) |
Combinations (7 types) Passion (Euphoria, sexual excitement, feeling of romance, sexual desire, attraction) Intimacy (Being free to talk about things, closeness, sharing, valuing partner) Commitment (Needing to be with the person, loyal, decision to be in relationship) |
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What us consummate love in triangular theory of love |
Intimacy, passion, commitment all are present -suggests it is the intimate form of love |
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What is the need for achievement |
Leaned motive to meet personal standards of success -desire for accomplishment and excellence People are motives to succeed by -Motive of success -Fear of failure |
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When are goals improve performance and motivation |
-goal is specific -goal is challenging be achievable -framed in terms of getting what u want rather than avoiding what u don't -approach goals (desired outcomes or experiences) -avoidance goals (focus on what u give up) (avoiding unpleasant experiences) |
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What are the 3 universal needs |
1)relatedness (feeling connected to others, satisfied by forming bonds) 2)autonomy (need to feel in control of your life) 3)competence (ability to perform a task at a skill level that is satisfying to the individual) |
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What is self efficacy |
Individuals confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem High level of self efficacy increases motivation |
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All 3 universal needs are related to control how |
-control who u interact with (relatedness) -control of decision making (autonomy) -control over behaviours that all u to achieve goals (competence) |
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What is self determination theory |
Individuals ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well being is influenced by the degree to which they are in control of the behaviour necessary to achieve those goals |
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What are the types of motivation |
Intrinsic/ mastery motives -process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcome challenges Extrinsic/ performance motives -motives that are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition or avoiding embarrassment (external) |
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What is amotivational |
Feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour |
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What are mastery and performance goals |
Success is determined by motivation -more Likly to if motivated to learn the task for the satisfaction of it( mastery goals) -less Likly to if motivation is to perform well in front of others (performance goals) |
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What is approach-approach conflict |
-equally attracted to two activities or goals -conflict where you must decide between two desirable or attractive goals -1 goal is approached |
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What is avoidance-avoidance conflict |
-don't want this and I don't want that - 2 goals both that r negative - between rock and hard place |
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What is approach-avoidance conflict |
-i want this but don't want what this entails - being repelled and attracted by same goal -one goal has both positive and negative elements |
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What is defensive avoidance |
Method of dealing with motivational conflict -maladaptive -procrastination and avoidance of decision |
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What are the 3 major components that make up emotions |
-physiological -cognitive -action tendencies |
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What does a state of arousal involve |
-facial and body changes -brain activation -cognitive appraisals -subjective feelings -tendencies toward action (All shapes by cultural rules and social context) |
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What are the 3 behaviour components |
- Subject thought and experience -accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal -observable behavioural expression (facial, mucles) |
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What are the negative and positive functions of emotion |
Negative (narrow attention and action tendencies, disgust) Positive (broaden thinking, build bonds, reduce stress, resilience) |
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What is the adaptive and social communication function of emotion |
Adaptive value (Signal some thing important is happening, direct attention, part if emergency arousal system) Social communication (Provides others with info about internal state, influence others behavuors) |
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What are the 4 common features of all emotions |
-are responses to eliciting stimuli -result from cognitive appraisal of stimuli (interpertation) -bodies respond physiologically to appraisal -behavioural tendencies (expressive behaviour, instrumental behaviour- ways if doings things about stimulus that aroused emotion) Studying for test |
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What are primary and secondary emotions |
Primary (universal and biologically based like fear, anger, pride, sadness) Secondary (develop with cognitive maturity and vary for individuals and cultures) |
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What are the 3 biological aspects of emotion |
-Facial expressions (universal) -braun regions and circuits -autonomic nervous system |
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What is feedback hypothesis |
-process where facial muscles send messages to the brain about basic emotion being expressed (Influences emotional states even when not asked to replicate a specific emotion) |
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What is vascular theory of emotional feedback |
Tensing facial muscles alters temperature of blood flow into bring by controlling volume of air inhaled through nose (cooling=positive and warming= Negative affect) |
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What us mood contagion |
When we see an emotion expressed by someone and we mimic the facial expression which activities and similar emotion in ourselves |
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How does each side of the brain play into emotion |
Right hemishpere (recognizes emotional expression, processes emotional feelings) she is really happy Left hemisphere (processing emotional meaing) she is really happy cause she got promtotied |
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What are the brain structures involved in emotion that interact between each other |
Subcortical and cortical structures Subcortical structures: hypothalamus,amygdala, hippocampus, other limbic system (Can produce aggression and destruction-absence of agressiin) Cerebral cortex (prefrontal cortext= ability to regulate emtions) |
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What is the dual pathway of emotions |
Thalamus sends sensory input along 2 independent neural pathways -to amygdala (allows for which reaction, interpret before cerebral) - to cerebral cortex (Carefully processes cognitive interpretation) |
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What is the initial response |
Emotion dependent responses within 150ms after hearing a threat -goal is to highlight stimulus so it receives extra processing by brain structure at later stages of perception |
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What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic nervous system -increases energy and alertness to allow us to handle hangouts situations (fight it flight) -draws energy from bodily functions that can wait -increased heart rate, sweat Parasympathetic nervous system -helps calm the body after |
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What are the 2 hormones released by the adrenal glands when stimulated by autonomic nervous system |
-epinephrine (energy of an emotion) -norepinephrine (High levels can make u feel emotionally out of control) |
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Polygraph tests rely on what and it measures |
Relies on autonomic nervous system arousal Measures -galvanic skin response -pulse/ blood pressure -breathing -fidgeting (High rate of false postives) |
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What is a critical brain area involved in initial response |
Amygdala - group of nuclei in medial portion of temporal lobes in each hemisphere -200ms after response -projects to other brain structures( sensory cortices) lead to the observable behaviours |
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What is cognitive appraisals |
-interpretations and meanings attached to sensory stimuli -influences expressions and actions -beliefs, attributions and goals that determine which emotion they feel in a circumstance |
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What is somatic theory of emotion ( james-lange) |
-body informs mind -physiological reactions determine emotions |
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What us cannon-bard theory |
-experience emotion-arousing situation -thalamus sends input to cortex and internal organs -message to cortex (experience emtion) -message to internal organs (physiological arousal) -independent responses, one doesn't cause the other |
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What is cognitive affective theories |
Focus on how cognatuins and physiological responses interact -specific stimuli not important |
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What us 2 factor theory (cognitive affective theory |
Emotions depends in 2 factors - physiological arousal+ cognitive interpretation -intensity of physiological arousal= How strongly we feel (sweety palms) -labelling based on situation cues= what we feel (attribute source of arousal to a cause) |
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What is attrition |
Explanations we make of our own and others behaviour |
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What are emotional dialects |
Variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed |
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What are display rules, body language and emotion work |
Display rules -cultural rules that regulate how, when and where we express emotions Body language -nonverbal signals of body movement, posture and gaze that people express Emotion work -expression of an emotion that the person dose not feel often because role requirement or believed socially appropriate |
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3 reaskns what people don't agree on what emotion is being expressed |
1) familiarity affects the ability to read facial expressions (easier to identify emotions on faces of group) 2) expressions can mean different things at different times depending in social context 3) people use expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express them (Can experience emotion with our following expression) |
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What is a personality and traits |
Personality -Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving that us unique to each person Trait -specific psychological characteristic that makesnusnpart of persons personality |
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What are the 2 kinds is approachs for studying personality |
Idiographic approach -focus on detailed descriptions of individuals and their personality characteristics -detailed study of a serial killer, rare talent, average person Nomothetic approach -exanjns personality in large groups of people to make generliazations about personality structure -Relies on descriptive labels to identify individuals patterns behaviour |
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What us trait approach/perspective |
- we understand individuals and what makes them alike or sets apart based on how well each trait describes a person |
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5 factor model (McCrea and Costa) (Allport and odbert 18,000 words, cattell to 16 words) |
-also called big 5 personality factors -trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personally can be described using 5 major dimensions 1)extraversion 2) emotional stability 3)conscientiourness 4)agreeableness 5)openness |
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What is the HEXACO model of personality |
6 factor personality theory that generally replicates 5 factor and adds honest humility -high honest humility tent to be sincere, honesly and faithful |
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What us dark triad |
Includes machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism -person is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest and Likly to commit harm |
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What are states |
Temporary physical of psychological engagement that influences behaviour |
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What are the 4 aspects of situations that influences behaviour |
1)locations (work, school) 2)associations( friends and family) 3)activities (awake, rushed, studying) 4)subjective states( mad, sick, drunk, happy) |
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Why do we act different around certain people |
Learning perspective -some behaviour is punished and others rewarded around different people |
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What did Albert Bandura social cognitive learning theory |
-person forms beliefs about interactions with the environment which influence person behaviour -reciprocal determinism - |
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Reciprocal determinism |
Idea behaviour, internal and external factors interact to determine one another (personality based on) -interaction between person situation and person personality traits (situation affects personality traits and personality traits affect which situations we seek) |
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Ways of assessing personality |
Interviews -gain info on feelings, thoughts -structure set if standardized questions -dependent on honesty (interviewer can after answers) |
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Behaviroual assessment (personality assessing) |
explicit coding system -aim is not solely to describe behavior -interjudge reliability (High level of agreement of observes). |
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Remote behavioural sampling (personality assessing) |
Same behaviour at random times over period of days or weeks -uses beeper system - allows data collections of behaviour that otherwise not be revealed |
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What are objective tests |
Used standard questions and agreed scoring key -written answers -ex. E.g.s , MMPI-2 -factor analysis to examine underlying characteristics -collect data for multiple people -validity of answers |
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What us Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2) |
-most used personality instrument -measures aspects of personality that if extreme suggest a problem (measure personality deviations) MMPI-2 -10 clinical scales -3 validity scales - measure kinds of psychological disorders - how u compare with others |
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What is myers-briggs type indicator |
-unscientific test of personality traits -used in match making services, motivational seminars -predict how well we do at work, get along, be leaders -16 types |
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What are projective tests |
-presented with ambiguous stimulus -saaumptiin test takes will transfer unconscious conflicts and motives onto stimulus 2 tests -rorschach inkblots (10 inblots, no clear image) -thematic appreciation test (ambiguous photos, asked to tell a story) |
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What are individualistic culture and collectivistic culture |
Individualistic -self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations to other Collectivistic -self is regarded as embedded in relationships and harmony with one's group is prized above goals and wishes |
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How are genetic influences on personality explained |
-studying temperaments in children, non human animals, infants -heritablity studies of twins and those adopted (Allow researchers that codes of specific brain chemicals are related to personality traits) |
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Why do we have different personality traits |
-Having extreme in big five can be sensible depending on circumstances (evolved because different traits were desirable in different circumstances) -each trait has its own strengths and weaknesses |
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Heritability |
Estimated the proportion if the fatal variance in some trait thst is attributablenti genetic difference among individuals within a group -hereitabilitynof personality traits is about 50% |
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What is phrenology |
Crated by Franz Gall -theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull |
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Hans Eysenck (arousal theory if extraversion and ascending reticular activating system) |
Arousal theory of extraversion -argus that extraversion is determined by people's threshold for arousal ARAS -plays role in controlling arousal response -extroverts have higher threshold |
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Whatnisbthe approach inhition model of motivation (Jeffrey Gray) |
-describes 2 maintain systems for processing rewards and punishments Behavioural activation system (BAS) -is go system, arousing person to action for desired goals Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) -danger system, motivating action in order to avoid on punishments |
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What 5 big traits correspond with size of predicted brain regions |
Neuriticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiourness |
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What are psychodynamic theories |
Theories that explain behaviour and persionalit in terms of unconscious energy dynamics sitting the individual -emphasized uncounsious, intrapsychic processes |
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What is psychoanalysis |
-first psychodynamic theory -Crated by freud -theory of personality and method of therapy -emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts |
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What it the structure of personality |
Conscious= are aware of Presonscious= unaware of at moment but can be recalled Unconscious=wishes, impulses -viewed as most important -only revealed in dreams, slips of tounge (Freud beloved unconscious and conscious controls behaviour) |
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What is the id |
Id -personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and agrssiclve instincts -in uncousious mind -operates according to pleasure principle 2 competing instincts 1) life instinct 2) death instinct |
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What is the ego |
- personality part that represents reason, good sense, ration self control -conscious and unconscious -mediates between id and superego -operates to reality principle -keeps id in control -delay gratification |
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What is super ego |
-personality part that represents conscience, morality and social standards -contains traditional values -controls id with external control -partly conscious mostly unconscious |
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What are defence mechanisms |
Uncounsious strategies the ego uses to reduce and avoid anxiety -deny or distort reality -uses when person feel anxious cause if wishes of the id conflict with social rules |
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Series of stages |
Id focuses on specific pleasure sensitive areas of body (erogenous zones) -adult personality is function of progressing through pyschosexual stages -can't continue I'd conflict related to stage is not resolved |
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What is fixation |
Becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure if a particular stage resulting in not being able to adequately regulate themselves and ratify their needs at that stage |
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What are Freud's stages of pyschosexual development |
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What is Oedipus complex and Electra complex (3-6 years) |
Oedipus -males erotic feelings toward mother, father rival Electra -penis envy -sexual attachment to father Move form sexual attachment to opposite sex partner to idetifyjngneitg same sex parent |
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What is Jungian theory |
-Analytical psychology focused on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development 2 important archetypes are maleness and femalness -believed both existed in each sex -problems if try to repress your opposite sex archetype |
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What are the 3 scientific failings of psychodynamic theories |
-violating the principle of falsifiability -drawing universal principles from experiences of a few atypical people -basing theories of persomailyy development on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of childhood |
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What is object relations school (psychodynamic approach) |
-emphasizes the importance of infants early years of life and baby's formative relations -focus on mental representations people from of themselves and others from early experience with caregivers -central problem I'm life ( find balance between need for others and need for independce |
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Psychodynamic now using empirical research |
Unconscious processes -non conscious prksses have been demonstrated and do affect behaviour Evidence of defence mechanisms -projection, reaction formation, denial, displacement |
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What does personality result from |
Biology Environment Culture |
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What are humanistic approaches |
Emphasizes personal growth, resilience and achievement of human potential -emphasizes unique and positive qualities of human experience -alternative to psychodynamic and behaviourism -focuses on capacity to shape our own future |
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What did Abraham maslow believe |
Psychology put too little focus on positive aspect of life -qualities of self actualized person are the traits that are important to personality - personality development is progression towards self actualization |
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What are peak experiences |
Rare moments of rapture caused by the attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty |
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What did Carl Rogers focus on |
Functioning and no functioning people Person centered perspective -people are basically good and give the right environment their personality will develop normally -fully functioning by unconditional positive regard( love nothing attached) |
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What is congruence |
Germany between true feeling and wishes and the image they present to others -consistency between self perceptions and experience |
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Carl Rogers and conditional police regard |
Situation where the acceptance and love for. Others is contingent upon behaviour -lead to suppressing feelings or actions that are unacceptable to those people -lead to incongruence (Sence of being out of touch with who you are and feel |
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Rollo believe |
- emphasizes Negative aspects of human existenc - personality defects the ways that a person deals with life struggles |
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What are narrative approaches |
Persons personality is result of the story a person has created to answer who am I -stories contain experiences |
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What is life narrative |
Story that each of us develops overtime to explain ourselves and make meaning of everything that happens |
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Evaluating humanistis approaches |
-hard to test it's assumptions -hard to operationally defined many of its concepts -added balance to study of personality - we have power to choose our own destiny has fostered new appreciation for resilience |
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Lot of empirical research done on how a person's life influences them |
-the story we generate influences personality -story can shape or distort memories - how can potentially change negative self stories to create more positive life stories |
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What are the defence mechanisms |
Denial (refusing to acknowledge) Displacement (turning unacceptable impulse into less unacceptable) Identification (assuming characteristics of more powerful person) Projection (perceiving in other a qualities) Rationalization (hides true motives by giving rational explanation) Reaction formation (alters impulse that us personally unacceptable) |
