Chapter 9 Outline Notes - Motivation
Links to Learning Objectives
9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
~Motivation is the process by which activities are started, directed, and sustained so that physical and psychological needs are fulfilled.
~Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by instincts, which are innate patterns of behavior found in both people and animals.
~ Drive- reduction approaches state that when an organism has a need (such as hunger), the need leads to psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the needs and reducing the tension.
9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types …show more content…
People who need moe arousal than others are called sensation seekers.
~In the incentive approach, an external stimulus may be so rewarding that it motivates a person to act toward that stimulus even in the absence of a drive.
9.4 Compare and contrast Maslow’s humanistic approach and the self-determination theory.
~Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs and ending with transcendence needs. The more basic needs must be met before the higher needs can be fulfilled.
~Self- determination theory (SDT) is a model of motivation in which three basic needs are seen as necessary to an individual's successful development
9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress.
Stress is the physical, emotional, and behavioral responses that occur when events (stressors) are identified as threatening or challenging.
Problem focused and Emotion focused
9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger.
The social components of hunger include social cues for when meals are to be eaten, cultural customs and food preferences, and the use of food as a comfort device or as an escape from …show more content…
Emotion is the "feeling" aspect of consciousness and includes physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements.
9.11 Compare and contrast the common-sense, James-Lange, and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion.
~The James- Lange theory states that stimulus creates a physiological response, which then leads to the labeling of the emotion.
~The Cannon- Bard theory asserts that the physiological reaction and the emotion are simultaneous, as the thalamus sends sensory information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system.
9.12 Identify the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion.
~arousal theory, both the physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced. This interpretation is based on cues from the environment.
~In the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the face, intensifying the emotion.
~In the cognitive- mediational theory of emotion, the cognitive component of emotion (the interpretation) precedes both the physiological reaction and the emotion
Links to Learning Objectives
9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
~Motivation is the process by which activities are started, directed, and sustained so that physical and psychological needs are fulfilled.
~Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by instincts, which are innate patterns of behavior found in both people and animals.
~ Drive- reduction approaches state that when an organism has a need (such as hunger), the need leads to psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the needs and reducing the tension.
9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types …show more content…
People who need moe arousal than others are called sensation seekers.
~In the incentive approach, an external stimulus may be so rewarding that it motivates a person to act toward that stimulus even in the absence of a drive.
9.4 Compare and contrast Maslow’s humanistic approach and the self-determination theory.
~Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs and ending with transcendence needs. The more basic needs must be met before the higher needs can be fulfilled.
~Self- determination theory (SDT) is a model of motivation in which three basic needs are seen as necessary to an individual's successful development
9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress.
Stress is the physical, emotional, and behavioral responses that occur when events (stressors) are identified as threatening or challenging.
Problem focused and Emotion focused
9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger.
The social components of hunger include social cues for when meals are to be eaten, cultural customs and food preferences, and the use of food as a comfort device or as an escape from …show more content…
Emotion is the "feeling" aspect of consciousness and includes physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements.
9.11 Compare and contrast the common-sense, James-Lange, and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion.
~The James- Lange theory states that stimulus creates a physiological response, which then leads to the labeling of the emotion.
~The Cannon- Bard theory asserts that the physiological reaction and the emotion are simultaneous, as the thalamus sends sensory information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system.
9.12 Identify the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion.
~arousal theory, both the physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced. This interpretation is based on cues from the environment.
~In the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the face, intensifying the emotion.
~In the cognitive- mediational theory of emotion, the cognitive component of emotion (the interpretation) precedes both the physiological reaction and the emotion