Psychology

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

concerned with stimulus that comes BEFORE behavior elicits behavior

Front 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 2

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

-unlearned,

ex.) visual, sound, anything from the environment

Front 3

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 3

after pairing with US, comes a trigger to a conditioned response (CR)

Front 4

Stimulus generalization

Back 4

the tendency once a response has been conditioned, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses.

ex.) dog who was conditioned to salivate when rubbed, will do even when scratched.

Front 5

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 5

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that does NOT signal an unconditioned stimulus.

ex.) dog salivates only to one tone of bell.

Front 6

Extinction

Back 6

diminishing responding that occurs when the CS (tone) no longer signals US (food)

ex.) presenting CS with no US (food)

-shut off reinforcement

Front 7

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 7

the reappearance after a pause an extinguished CR (salivation)

-hasn't been wiped from memory

ex.) bike riding

Front 8

Operant Conditioning

Back 8

concern with a stimulus that comes AFTER the behavior is emitted

Front 9

Positive Reinforcement

Back 9

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer-any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

ex.) pet a dog when you call it, pay a person who paints your house

-ADD a desirable stimulus

Front 10

Negative Reinforcement

Back 10

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer- any stimulus that when REMOVED after a response, strengthens response

ex.) take painkillers to end pain, fasten seat belt to stop beeping noise

Front 11

Positive Punishment

Back 11

presenting (adding) an undesired consequence after bad/undesired behavior

ex.) getting a ticket for speeding, spray water on barking dog

Front 12

Negative Punishment

Back 12

taking AWAY a rewarding stimulus for undesired behavior

ex.) take away teen's phone privileges, revoking library card for not paying fine

Front 13

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforement

Back 13

reinforcing a response only part of the time. Learning is slower to appear, but resistance to extinction is better

Front 14

Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

Back 14

reinforced only after a specific number of responses

Front 15

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

Back 15

reinforced after unpredictable number of responses

Front 16

Fixed- Interval Reinforcement

Back 16

reinforced a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Front 17

Variable-Interval Reinforcement

Back 17

reinforces a response only after a unpredictable time intervals

ex.) getting a text response, Facebook message

Front 18

Counterconditiong

Back 18

conditioning an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by association of positive actions with stimulus

Front 19

Bandura's Theory

Back 19

By watching grown up hit, kick, punch the Bobo doll, children, by watching a model, we learn by observation and imitation

Front 20

Shaping

Back 20

(operant) reinforcers guide behavior to closer desired behavior

Front 21

Sensory Memory

Back 21

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Front 22

Short-Term Memory

Back 22

hold a few items briefly.

ex.) 7 digit phone number before dialing

encode: rehearsal (repetition)

Front 23

Long-Term Memory

Back 23

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory

ex.) knowledge, skills, experience

-for later retrieval

-Store: on basis of importance

Front 24

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

Back 24

memory of facts, personal experiences

Front 25

Implicit Memory

Back 25

-procedural memory

-skills: motor and cognitive

-you can just do it ex.) bike riding

Front 26

Encoding

Back 26

processing info into memory system

extracting meaning

Front 27

Storage

Back 27

the retention of encoded info over time

Front 28

Retrieval

Back 28

the process of getting info out of the memory system

Front 29

Chunking

Back 29

organizing items into familiar manageable units

-often automatic

Front 30

Hierarchies

Back 30

composed of few broad concepts divided & subdivided into narrower concepts & facts

-help retrieve info efficiently

Front 31

Hippocampus

Back 31

processes explicit memories for storage

-Temporary stores some memories & sends them to other places for more permanent storage

-if removed--cant store recent memories

Front 32

Recall

Back 32

remembering without any external cues

ex.) essay questions test recall of knowledge because nothing on a blank sheet of paper will jog the memory

Front 33

Recognition

Back 33

identifying learned information using external cues

ex.) true or false questions and multiple-choice questions test recognition because the previously learned information is there on the page, along with other options.

Front 34

Relearning

Back 34

subject first learns some material and, after various lengths of time, relearns that same material to the same criterion level

ex.) memorizing grocery lists and being tested on what was on it and how long to retrieve most of the items on the list

Front 35

Ebbinghaus' Curve of Forgetting

Back 35

-course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time.

-memory of novel info fades quickly then levels out

Front 36

Non sense Syllables

Back 36

non-word letter combinations

ex.) YOX, JIH

Front 37

Serial Position Effect

Back 37

our tendency to be better a recalling the last item (recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list

ex.) names of co-workers; spent more time rehearsing earlier names than later ones

Front 38

Retroactive Interference

Back 38

occurs when NEW learning disrupts recall of OLD info

Front 39

Proactive Interference

Back 39

occurs when PRIOR learning disrupts recall of NEW info

Front 40

Repression

Back 40

cannot recall traumatic experiences

Front 41

Suppression

Back 41

on the tip of the tongue-less anxiety- then recall

Front 42

Elizabeth Loftus

Back 42

eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after crime or accident

Front 43

Problems evaluating memories of child abuse

Back 43

-cannot reliably recall happenings at young age

- can't tell if true or false

Front 44

Improving Memory

Back 44

1. Rehearsal repeatedly

2. Make material meaningful

3. Activate retrieval cups

4. Use Mnemonic devices

5. Minimize interference

6. Sleep

7. Test yourself

Front 45

Positive Transfer

Back 45

rapid learning in a new situation because stimuli or response required are similar to those learned in an earlier situation